Duck Hook
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Duck Hook (code-named "Pruning Knife" by the military) was the White House code-name of an operation President Richard Nixon had threatened to unleash against North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, if North Vietnam did not yield to Washington's terms at the Paris peace negotiations. Duck Hook called for the possibly-nuclear bombing of military and economic targets in and around Hanoi, the mining of Haiphong and other ports, air strikes against North Vietnam's northeast line of communications as well as passes and bridges at the Chinese border, and air and ground attacks on other targets throughout Vietnam.
Declassified documents have been revealed that show that Duck Hook considered including using nuclear weapons.[1] An attachment to a memo from Henry Kissinger to Nixon asked, "Should we be prepared to use nuclear weapons?" The memo warned that "Since we cannot confidently predict the exact point at which Hanoi could be likely to respond positively, we must be prepared to play out whatever string necessary." Kissinger's memo also stated that "To achieve its full effect on Hanoi's thinking, the action must be brutal." [emphasis in original]
A few days earlier, a document from two of Kissinger's aides, Roger Morris and Anthony Lake, stated that the President must be prepared "to decide beforehand, the fateful question of how far we will go. He cannot, for example, confront the issue of using tactical nuclear weapons in the midst of the exercise. He must be prepared to play out whatever string necessary in this case." The identical wording in the Kissinger memo makes clear Kissinger was referring to the nuclear question when he called for playing out "whatever string necessary."
Four days after the Kissinger memo, on October 6, 1969, Nixon decided against Duck Hook. This was reportedly because:
- there were reservations about Duck Hook's potential effectiveness;
- public support for the war continued to decline;
- there were signs of political slippage; and
- Defense Secretary Melvin Laird and Secretary of State William P. Rogers opposed military escalation
At the same time that he cancelled Duck Hook, it seems that Nixon embarked on a new strategy to start a "series of increased [nuclear] alert measures designed to convey to the Soviets an increasing readiness by U.S. strategic forces," according to Kissinger aide Col. Alexander Haig.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Burr, William and Jeffrey Kimball (January/February 2003). "Nixon's nuclear ploy". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 59 (1): 28-37, 72-73.
