Dronabinol

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Marinol, a registered trademark of Unimed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is the commercial name for a product containing dronabinol, Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is a naturally occurring component in cannabis.


Dronabinol
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(−)-(6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl- 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol
Identifiers
CAS number	1972-08-3
ATC code	A04AD10
PubChem	16078
DrugBank	APRD00571
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₁H₃₀O₂
Mol. mass	314.462 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	?
Protein binding	97%
Metabolism	?
Half life	?
Excretion	?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	Schedule III(US)
Routes	Oral

Marinol is the only FDA-approved cannabinoid and is prescribed as an appetite stimulant, primarily for AIDS, chemotherapy and Gastric Bypass patients. Compare Sativex, a mouth spray for neuropathic pain of multiple sclerosis sufferers approved for use in Canada and in the US as of 2006. While Marinol can serve as an anti-emitic and appetite booster, its immunomodulative effect should be taken into account in the treatment of any compromised immune condition.

1 Comparisons to medicinal cannabis
2 Regulatory history
3 External links
4 References

[edit] Comparisons to medicinal cannabis

Marinol is known to produce side-effects similar to cannabis intoxication. Some have posited that Marinol lacks beneficial properties of cannabis, which contains more than 60 cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD), thought to be the major anti-convulsant that helps multiple sclerosis patients, and cannabichromene (CBC), an anti-inflammatory which may contribute to the pain-killing effect of cannabis. Others have countered that the effects of all of cannabis's cannaboids have not been completely studied and are not fully understood to be beneficial.

It takes over one hour for Marinol to reach full effect, compared to minutes for smoked or vaporized cannabis. Some patients accustomed to inhaling just enough cannabis smoke to manage symptoms have complained of too-intense intoxication via Marinol's predetermined dosages. This powerful psychoactive effect, however, has led to recreational use of Marinol.^{[citation needed]} Many have said that Marinol produces a more acute psychedelic effect than cannabis and it has been speculated that this disparity can be explained by the moderating effect of the many non-THC cannibinoids present in cannabis. Mark Kleiman, director of the Drug Pol-icy Analysis Program at UCLA's School of Public Affairs had this to say about Marinol-- "It wasn't any fun and made the user feel bad," Kleiman says, "so it could be approved without any fear that it would penetrate the recreational market, and then used as a club with which to beat back the advocates of whole cannabis as a medicine."^[1] United States federal law currently registers cannabis as a Schedule I drug. Some taking Marinol to manage nausea have stated that often the Marinol capsule is expelled before it can take effect.^{[citation needed]}

Although Marinol is available for free to those who can demonstrate financial need to Roxane and Unimed Pharmaceuticals, some users have complained that it effectively costs more than cannabis.

[edit] Regulatory history

Since at least 1986, the trend has been for THC in general, and especially the Marinol preparation, to be downgraded to less and less stringently-controlled schedules of controlled substances, in the U.S. and internationally.

On July 13, 1986, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) issued a Final Rule and Statement of Policy authorizing the "Rescheduling of Synthetic Dronabinol in Sesame Oil and Encapsulated in Soft Gelatin Capsules From Schedule I to Schedule II"(DEA 51 FR 17476-78). This permitted medical use of Marinol, albeit with the severe restrictions associated with Schedule II status. For instance, refills of Marinol prescriptions were not permitted. At its 1045th meeting, on April 29, 1991, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, in accordance with article 2, paragraphs 5 and 6, of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, decided that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (also referred to as delta-9-THC) and its stereochemical variants should be transferred from Schedule I to Schedule II of that Convention. This released Marinol from the restrictions imposed by Article 7 of the Convention[1].

An abstract published in the April-June 1998 issue of the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs found that "Healthcare professionals have detected no indication of scrip-chasing or doctor-shopping among the patients for whom they have prescribed dronabinol"[2]. The authors suggested that Marinol had a low potential for abuse.

In 1999, Marinol was rescheduled from Schedule II to III of the Controlled Substances Act, reflecting a finding that THC had a potential for abuse less than that of LSD, cocaine, and heroin. This rescheduling comprised part of the argument for a 2002 petition for cannabis rescheduling in the United States, in which petitioner Jon Gettman noted, "Cannabis is a natural source of dronabinol (THC), the ingredient of Marinol™, a Schedule III drug. There are no grounds to schedule cannabis in a more restrictive schedule than Marinol™"[3].

At its 33rd meeting, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended transferring tetrahydrocannabinol to Schedule IV of the Convention, citing its medical uses and low abuse potential. This would put THC in the Convention's least stringently-controlled Schedule.