Dr. Seuss

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Dr. Seuss
Ted Geisel in 1957
Born March 2, 1904
Flag of United States Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
Died September 24, 1991 (aged 87)
Flag of United States La Jolla, California, USA

Theodor Seuss Geisel (March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was a famous American writer and cartoonist best known for his classic children's books under the pen name Dr. Seuss, including The Cat in the Hat, Green Eggs and Ham, One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish, Fox in Socks and How the Grinch Stole Christmas. His books have become staples for many children and their parents. Seuss' trademark was his rhyming text and outlandish creatures. He wrote and illustrated 44 children's books.

Contents

[edit] Life and career

Geisel was born on March 2, 1904 in Springfield, Massachusetts to Henrietta Seuss and Theodor Robert Geisel.[1] His father was a parks commissioner in charge of Forest Park, a huge park that included within its borders a zoo and was located three blocks from a library. Both Geisel's father and grandfather were also brewmasters in Springfield, which may have influenced his views on Prohibition. As a freshman member of the Dartmouth College class of 1925, he joined the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern as his primary activity throughout college, eventually rising to the rank of editor-in-chief. (He took over the post from his close friend, author Norman MacLean.) However, after Geisel was caught throwing a drinking party (and thereby violating Prohibition), the school insisted that he resign from all extra-curricular activities. In order to continue his work on the Jack-O-Lantern without the administration's knowledge, Geisel began signing his work with the pen name "Seuss" (which was both his middle name and his mother's maiden name). His first work signed as "Dr. Seuss" appeared after he graduated, six months into his work for The Judge (a humor magazine). Being an immigrant from Germany, the name "Seuss" would have been pronounced "zoice", the standard pronunciation in German (according to censuses, Geisel's mother was born in Massachusetts, and it was her parents who were the immigrants). Alexander Liang, who served with Geisel on the staff of the Jack-O- Lantern and was later a professor at Dartmouth, illustrated this point with the following Seuss-esque rhyme:

You're wrong as the deuce
And you should rejoice
If you're calling him Seuss.
He pronounces it Soice.

Though Geisel himself has been quoted as saying "Seuss -- rhymes with voice", the name is almost universally pronounced in English with an initial s sound and rhyming with "juice".[2] Geisel also used the pen name Theo. LeSieg (Geisel spelled backwards) for books he wrote but others illustrated.

He entered Lincoln College, Oxford, intending to earn a doctorate in literature. At Oxford he met Helen Palmer Geisel, married her in 1927, and returned to the United States without earning the degree. The "Dr." in his pen name is an acknowledgment of his father's unfulfilled hopes that Seuss would earn a doctorate at Oxford.

He began submitting humorous articles and illustrations to Judge, The Saturday Evening Post, Life, Vanity Fair, and Liberty. One notable "Technocracy Number" made fun of the Technocratic movement and featured satirical rhymes at the expense of Frederick Soddy. He became nationally famous from his advertisements for Flit, a common insecticide at the time. His slogan, "Quick, Henry, the Flit!" became a popular catchphrase. Geisel supported himself and his wife through the Great Depression by drawing advertising for General Electric, NBC, Standard Oil, and many other companies. He also wrote and drew a short-lived comic strip called Hejji in 1935.

In 1937, while Seuss was returning from an ocean voyage to Europe, the rhythm of the ship's engines inspired the poem that became his first book, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street. Seuss wrote three more children's books before World War II (see list of works below), two of which are, atypically for him, in prose.

As World War II began, Dr. Seuss turned to political cartoons, drawing over 400 in two years as editorial cartoonist for the left-wing New York City daily newspaper, PM. Dr. Seuss's political cartoons opposed the viciousness of Hitler and Mussolini and were highly critical of isolationists, most notably Charles Lindbergh, who opposed American entry into the war. Some cartoons depicted all Japanese Americans as latent traitors or fifth-columnists, while at the same time other cartoons deplored the racism at home against Jews and blacks that harmed the war effort. His cartoons were strongly supportive of President Roosevelt's conduct of the war, combining the usual exhortations to ration and contribute to the war effort with frequent attacks on Congress (especially the Republican Party), parts of the press (such as the New York Daily News and Chicago Tribune), and others for criticism of Roosevelt, criticism of aid to the Soviet Union, investigation of suspected Communists, and other offenses that he depicted as leading to disunity and helping the Nazis, intentionally or inadvertently. In 1942, Dr. Seuss turned his energies to direct support of the U.S. war effort. First, he worked drawing posters for the Treasury Department and the War Production Board. Then, in 1943, he joined the Army and was commander of the Animation Dept of the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces, where he wrote films that included Your Job in Germany, a 1945 propaganda film about peace in Europe after World War II, Design for Death, a study of Japanese culture that won the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1947, and the Private Snafu series of adult army training films. While in the Army, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. Dr. Seuss's non-military films from around this time were also well-received; Gerald McBoing-Boing won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Animated) in 1950.

Despite his numerous awards, Dr. Seuss never won the Caldecott Medal nor the Newbery. Three of his titles were chosen as Caldecott runners-up (now referred to as Caldecott Honor books): McElligot's Pool (1947), Bartholomew and the Oobleck (1949), and If I Ran the Zoo (1950).

After the war, Dr. Seuss and his wife moved to La Jolla, California. Returning to children's books, he wrote what many consider to be his finest works, including such favorites as If I Ran the Zoo, (1950), Scrambled Eggs Super! (1953), On Beyond Zebra! (1955), If I Ran the Circus (1956), and How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957).

At the same time, an important development occurred that influenced much of Seuss's later work. In May 1954, Life magazine published a report on illiteracy among school children, which concluded that children were not learning to read because their books were boring. Accordingly, Seuss's publisher made up a list of 400 words he felt were important and asked Dr. Seuss to cut the list to 250 words and write a book using only those words. Nine months later, Seuss, using 220 of the words given to him, completed The Cat in the Hat. This book was a tour de force—it retained the drawing style, verse rhythms, and all the imaginative power of Seuss's earlier works, but because of its simplified vocabulary could be read by beginning readers. A rumor exists, that in 1960, Bennett Cerf bet Dr. Seuss $50 that he couldn't write an entire book using only fifty words. The result was supposedly Green Eggs and Ham. The additional rumor that Cerf never paid Seuss the $50 has never been proven and is most likely untrue. These books achieved significant international success and remain very popular.

Dr. Seuss went on to write many other children's books, both in his new simplified-vocabulary manner (sold as "Beginner Books") and in his older, more elaborate style. In 1982 Dr. Seuss wrote "Hunches in Bunches". The Beginner Books were not easy for Seuss, and reportedly he labored for months crafting them.

At various times Seuss also wrote books for adults that used the same style of verse and pictures: The Seven Lady Godivas; Oh, The Places You'll Go!; and You're Only Old Once.

During a very difficult illness, Dr. Seuss' wife, Helen Palmer Geisel died on October 23, 1967. Seuss married Audrey Stone Dimond on June 21, 1968. Seuss himself died, following several years of illness, in La Jolla, California on September 24, 1991.

In 2002, the Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden opened in his birthplace of Springfield, Massachusetts; it features sculptures of Dr. Seuss and of many of his characters.

Dr.Suess isn't only known for his books he is known for putting a smile on millions of childrens faces every day of the year

Today, Dr. Seuss is widely viewed as one of the greatest American childrens authors of all times.

[edit] Poetic meters

Dr. Seuss wrote most of his books in a verse form that in the terminology of metrics would be characterized as anapestic tetrameter, a meter employed also by Lord Byron and other poets of the English literary canon. (It is also the meter of the famous Christmas poem A Visit From St. Nicholas, more familiarly known as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas".)

Anapestic tetrameter consists of four rhythmic units (anapests), each composed of two weak beats followed by one strong, schematized below:

x x X x x X x x X x x X

Often, the first weak syllable is omitted, and/or an additional weak syllable is added at the end. A typical line (the first line of If I Ran the Circus) is:

In ALL the whole TOWN the most WONderful SPOT

Seuss generally maintained this meter quite strictly, until late in his career, when he was no longer able to maintain strict rhythm in all lines. The consistency of his meter was one of his hallmarks; the many imitators and parodists of Seuss are often unable to write in strict anapestic tetrameter, or are unaware that they should, and thus sound clumsy in comparison with the original.

Seuss also wrote verse in trochaic tetrameter, an arrangement of four units each with a strong followed by a weak beat.

X x X x X x X x

An example is the title (and first line) of One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish. The formula for trochaic meter permits the final weak position in the line to be omitted, which facilitates the construction of rhymes.

Seuss generally maintained trochaic meter only for brief passages, and for longer stretches typically mixed it with iambic tetrameter:

x X x X x X x X

which is easier to write. Thus, for example, the magicians in Bartholomew and the Oobleck make their first appearance chanting in trochees (thus resembling the witches of Shakespeare's Macbeth):

SHUFFle, DUFFle, MUZZle, MUFF

then switch to iambs for the oobleck spell:

Go MAKE the OOBleck TUMBle DOWN
On EVery STREET, in EVery TOWN!

In Green Eggs and Ham, Sam-I-Am generally speaks in trochees, and the exasperated character he proselytizes replies in iambs.

While most of Seuss's books are either uniformly anapestic or iambic-trochaic, a few mix triple and double rhythms. Thus, for instance, Happy Birthday to You is generally written in anapestic tetrameter, but breaks into iambo-trochaic meter for the "Dr. Derring's singing herrings" and "Who-Bubs" episodes.

[edit] Artwork

Seuss's earlier artwork often employed the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors, but in children's books of the postwar period he generally employed the starker medium of pen and ink, normally using just black, white, and one or two colors. Later books such as The Lorax used more colours.

Seuss's figures are often rounded and somewhat droopy. This is true, for instance, of the faces of the Grinch and of the Cat in the Hat. It is also true of virtually all buildings and machinery that Seuss drew: although these objects abound in straight lines in real life, Seuss carefully avoided straight lines in drawing them (in fact, he never drew a completely straight line at any part of any of his works). For buildings, this could be accomplished in part through choice of architecture. For machines, for example, If I Ran the Circus includes a droopy hoisting crane and a droopy steam calliope.

Seuss evidently enjoyed drawing architecturally elaborate objects. His endlessly varied (but never rectilinear) palaces, ramps, platforms, and free-standing stairways are among his most evocative creations. Seuss also drew elaborate imaginary machines, of which the Audio-Telly-O-Tally-O-Count, from Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book, is one example. Seuss also liked drawing outlandish arrangements of feathers or fur, for example, the 500th hat of Bartholomew Cubbins, the tail of Gertrude McFuzz, and the pet for girls who like to brush and comb, in One Fish Two Fish.

Seuss's images often convey motion vividly. He was fond of a sort of "voilà" gesture, in which the hand flips outward, spreading the fingers slightly backward with the thumb up; this is done by Ish, for instance, in One Fish Two Fish when he creates fish (who perform the gesture themselves with their fins), in the introduction of the various acts of If I Ran the Circus, and in the introduction of the Little Cats in The Cat in the Hat Comes Back. He was also fond of drawing hands with interlocked fingers, which looked as though the character was twiddling their thumbs.

Seuss also follows the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines, for instance in the sweeping lines that accompany Sneelock's final dive in If I Ran the Circus. Cartoonist's lines are also used to illustrate the action of the senses (sight, smell, and hearing) in The Big Brag and even of thought, as in the moment when the Grinch conceives his awful idea.

[edit] Recurring images

Seuss's early work in advertising and editorial cartooning produced sketches that received more perfect realization later on in the children's books. Often, the expressive use to which Seuss put an image later on was quite different from the original. The examples below are from the website of the Mandeville Special Collections Library of the University of California, San Diego.

  • An editorial cartoon of July 16, 1941 depicts a whale resting on the top of a mountain, as a parody of American isolationists, especially Charles Lindbergh. This was later rendered (with no apparent political content) as the Wumbus of On Beyond Zebra (1955). Seussian whales (cheerful and balloon-shaped, with long eyelashes) also occur in McElligot's Pool, If I Ran the Circus, and other books.
  • The tower of turtles in this editorial cartoon from 1941 prefigures a similar tower in Yertle the Turtle. This theme also appeared in a Judge cartoon as one letter of a hieroglypic message, and in Seuss's short-lived comic strip Hejji. Seuss once stated that Yertle the Turtle was Adolf Hitler.[citation needed]
  • Little cats A B and C (as well as the rest of the alphabet) who spring from each other's hats appeared in a Ford ad.
  • The connected beards in "Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are?" crop up all over the place in Seuss's work, most notably in Hejii, which featured two goats joined at the beard, "The 5000 Fingers of Dr. T," which featured two roller-skating guards joined at the beard, and a political cartoon in which Nazism and the America First movement are portrayed as "the men with the Siamese Beard."
  • Seuss's earliest elephants were for advertising and had somewhat wrinkly ears, much as real elephants do. With And to Think that I Saw it on Mulberry Street (1937) and Horton Hatches the Egg (1940), the ears became more stylized, somewhat like angel wings and thus appropriate to the saintly Horton. During World War II, the elephant image appeared as an emblem for India in four editorial cartoons. Horton and similar elephants appear frequently in the postwar children's books.
  • While drawing advertisements for Flit, Seuss became adept at drawing insects with huge stingers, shaped like a gentle S-curve and with a sharp end that included a rearward-pointing barb on its lower side. Their facial expressions depict gleeful malevolence. These insects were later rendered in an editorial cartoon as a swarm of Allied aircraft (1942), and later still as the Sneedle of On Beyond Zebra.

[edit] Adaptations of Seuss's work

For most of his career, Dr. Seuss was reluctant to have his characters marketed in contexts outside of his own books. However, he did allow a few animated cartoons, an art form in which he himself had gained experience during the Second World War.

Seuss's first cartoon adaptation was Horton Hatches the Egg in 1942. It was animated at Warner Brothers, the same studio he co-created Private Snafu for. Directed by Robert Clampett Horton was presented as part of the Looney Tunes series and included a number of gags not present in the original narrative, such as a fish committing suicide and the lead antagonist's affinity for Katharine Hepburn.

In 1966, Seuss authorized the eminent cartoon artist Chuck Jones, his friend and former colleague from the war, to make a cartoon version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. Seuss, as "Ted Geisel", is credited as a co-producer along with Jones. This cartoon was very faithful to the original book. It is considered a classic by many to this day, and is in the large catalog of annual Christmas television specials. Several more animated specials based on Seuss' work followed, including cartoon versions of Horton Hears a Who!, The Lorax and The Cat in the Hat in 1971, but the latter was considered less successful.

Toward the end of his life, Seuss seems to have relaxed his policy, and several other cartoons and toys were made featuring his characters, usually the Cat in the Hat and the Grinch. A Soviet paint-on-glass-animated short film called Welcome was made in 1986; an adaptation of Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose. When Seuss died of cancer at the age of 87 in 1991, his widow Audrey Geisel was placed in charge of all licensing matters. She approved a live-action film version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas starring Jim Carrey, as well as a Seuss-themed Broadway musical called Seussical (both released in 2000)."The Grinch" is now in a limited engagement run on Broadway. A live-action film based on The Cat in the Hat was released in 2003, featuring Mike Myers as the title character. Audrey Geisel was said to have been very vocal in her dislike of the film, and is believed to have said there would be no further live-action adaptations of Seuss' books.[3]

Dr. Seuss' books and characters also now appear in an amusement park: the Seuss Landing 'island' at the Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando, Florida. Product tie-ins (cereal boxes, and so on) have also been implemented. To stay true to the books, there is not one single straight line in all of Seuss Landing: everything curves around.

[edit] Trivia

  • On the season premiere of Saturday Night Live following Dr. Seuss' death, the Reverend Jesse Jackson was a guest and declared that "Tonight, rather than read from First or Second Samuel, I read from 'Sam I Am.' Quoting the Latter Day Saint Seuss," whereupon he read Green Eggs and Ham in the style of a preacher giving an impassioned sermon.
  • On December 1, 1995, The University Library Building at the University of California, San Diego was renamed Geisel Library in honor of Audrey and Theodor Geisel. The Geisels were long-time residents of La Jolla, where UC San Diego is located. A sculpture of Dr. Seuss decorates the grounds of the library. Its Mandeville Special Collections Library contains many of his papers.
  • Dr Seuss was frequently confused, by the US Postal Service among others, with Dr Suess (cf Hans Suess) his contemporary living in the same locality, La Jolla. Both names have been posthumously linked together: The personal papers of Hans Suess are housed in the Geisel Library at UCSD [1].
  • Dr. Seuss was a friend and drinking partner of crime author Raymond Chandler, who was also a resident of La Jolla.
  • The National Education Association celebrates March 2, Dr. Seuss' Birthday, as Read Across America Day. Also known as some version of 'Read Dr. Seuss Day', some adopt the civic as well as fun responsibility to read a Dr. Seuss book to another.
  • Was a member of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod
  • The new High in the Sky Seuss Trolley Train Ride at Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida lists as its last train stop on its schedule as Springfield, in honor of the birthplace of Dr. Seuss.
  • In November 2004, an edition of MAD Magazine (Mad #447) featured a cover story in which lines from Seuss' books were compared with supposedly similar lines from speeches made by George W. Bush. It was titled "The Strange Similarities Between the Bush Administration and the World of Dr. Seuss." The cover drawing was of a Cat in the Hat that resembled Bush.
  • An episode of My Life As a Teenage Robot, "Daydream Believer," is an homage to Dr Seuss cartoons.
  • Is often attributed with inventing the word 'nerd'.

[edit] Best-Selling Books

In 2000, Publishers Weekly compiled a list of the best-selling children's books of all time (hardcover and softcover lists were printed separately).

No. Book First
published		 All-time rank for
hardcover children's books		 Notes
1 Green Eggs and Ham 1960 #4
2 The Cat in the Hat 1957 #9 approximately 7.2 million copies
sold as of 2000
3 One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish 1960 #13
4 Hop on Pop 1963 #16
5 Oh, the Places You'll Go! 1990 #17
6 Dr. Seuss's ABC 1960 #18
7 The Cat in the Hat Comes Back 1958 #26
8 Fox in Socks 1965 #31
9 How the Grinch Stole Christmas 1964 #35
10 My Book about ME 1969 #40 Illustrated by Roy McKie
11 I Can Read with My Eyes Shut! 1978 #58
12 Oh, the Thinks You Can Think! 1975 #65
13 Oh Say Can You Say? 1979 #85
14 There's a Wocket in My Pocket! 1974 #93
15 Mr. Brown Can Moo! Can You? 1996 #98 board book
16 Dr. Seuss's ABC 1996 #99 board book
17 Mr. Brown Can Moo! Can You? 1970 #101
18 Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories 1958 #125
19 The Sneetches and Other Stories 1961 #129
20 Ten Apples up on Top! 1961 #130 listed as Theo. LeSieg;
illustrated by Roy McKie
21 I Am NOT Going to Get Up Today! 1987 #135 illustrated by James Stevenson
22 Horton Hatches the Egg 1940 #138
23 Happy Birthday to You! 1959 #139
24 Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book 1962 #140

[edit] List of books

[edit] Omnibus volumes

  • A Hatful of Seuss: Five Favorite Dr. Seuss Stories
    • Bartholomew and the Oobleck (1949), If I Ran the Zoo (1950), Horton Hears a Who! (1954), The Sneetches and Other Stories (1961), and Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book (1962)
  • Your Favorite Seuss : A Baker's Dozen by the One and Only Dr. Seuss Molly Leach (Designer)
    • And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street, Horton Hears a Who!, McElligot's Pool, If I Ran the Zoo, Happy Birthday to You!, Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book, Yertle the Turtle, The Cat in the Hat, How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, Green Eggs and Ham, The Lorax, The Sneetches, and Oh, the Places You'll Go!
  • Six By Seuss: A Treasury of Dr. Seuss Classics
    • And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street, The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins, Horton Hatches the Egg, Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, The Lorax

[edit] Writing as Theo. LeSieg

LeSieg is Geisel spelled backwards.

  • Ten Apples up on Top!. Illustrated by Roy McKie. ©1961, 1989–2004, B-19
  • Come over to My House. Illustrated by Richard Erdoes. ©1966, B-44; 2006
  • In a People House. Illustrated by Roy McKie. ©1972, 1997–2007, BE-12
  • Wacky Wednesday. Illustrated by George Booth. ©1974, 1996–2007 B-59
  • Would You Rather Be a Bullfrog?. Illustrated by Roy McKie. ©1975, 1998–2006, BE-21
  • Hooper Humperdink...? Not Him!. Illustrated by Charles E. Martin. ©1976, 1998–2006, BE-22
  • Maybe You Should Fly A Jet! Maybe You Should Be A Vet!. Illustated by Michael J. Smollin. ©1980, 1996–2009, B-Extra 8
  • The Tooth Book. Illustrated by Joe Mathieu/Roy McKie. 2000/1989, BE-25
  • The Eye Book. Illustrated by Joe Mathieu/Roy McKie. 1999/1996, BE-2
  • I Wish that I Had Duck Feet. 1994–2007, B-40
  • Please Try to Remember the First of Octember!. Illustrated by Art Cummings. 1977, 1997–1999, B-75
  • The Many Mice of Mr. Brice. (A pop-up book) BE-15
  • I Can Write. Illustrated by Roy McKie. BE-Extra 2

[edit] Writing as Rosetta Stone

[edit] Film, television, and theater adaptations

cover of the Grinch
cover of the Grinch
Image:The Grinch cc.jpg
grinch cover

A single-disc DVD was released September 27, 2005 containing the following nine Seuss Cartoons:

  • The Cat In The Hat
  • The Lorax/Pontofell Pock And His Magic Piano
  • Green Eggs And Ham/Sneetches/Zax/Grinch Night
  • The Grinch Grinches And Cat In The Hat/The Hoober-Bloob Highway.

[edit] Further reading

  • Theodor Seuss Geisel: The Early Works, Volume 1 (Checker Book Publishing, 2005; ISBN 1-933160-01-2), Early Works Volume 1 is the first of a series collecting various political cartoons, advertisements, and various images drawn by Geisel long before he had written any of his world-famous books.
  • Dr. Seuss From Then to Now (New York: Random House, 1987; ISBN 0-394-89268-2) is a biographical retrospective published for the exhibit of the same title at the San Diego Museum of Art
  • Dr. Seuss & Mr. Geisel,a biography by close friends Judith and Neil Morgan (1995, Random House)
  • The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss by Audrey Geisel (New York: Random House, 1995; ISBN 0-679-43448-8) contains many full-color reproductions of Geisel's private, previously unpublished artwork.
  • Dr. Seuss Goes to War: The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel, a selection with commentary by Richard Minnear (New Press, 2001; ISBN 1-56584-704-0).
  • Oh, the Places He Went, a story about Dr. Seuss by Maryann Weidt (Carolrhoda Books, 1995; ISBN 0-87614-627-2)
  • The Seuss, the Whole Seuss and Nothing But the Seuss: A Visual Biography of Theodor Seuss Geisel by Charles Cohen (Random House Books for Young Readers, 2004; ISBN 0-375-82248-8).
  • Dr. Seuss: American Icon by Philip Nel (Continuum Publishing, 2004; ISBN 0-8264-1434-6)
  • The Annotated Cat: Under the Hats of Seuss and His Cats by Philip Nel (Random House, 2007; ISBN 978-0-375-83369-4)
  • The Tough Coughs as he Ploughs the Dough: Early Writings and Cartoons by Dr. Seuss, edited and with an introduction by Richard Marschall (also includes autobiographical material); ISBN 0-688-06548-1

[edit] Beginner books and audio cassettes

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ http://www.wargs.com/other/geisel.html
  2. ^ Pronouncing German Words in English 2
  3. ^ MS-NBC "Seussentenial: 100 years of Dr. Seuss Geisel's widow continues to nutures writer's cast of characters" Updated: 11:42 a.m. PT February 26, 2004
  • Miller, Chris. The Real Animal House. pg. 202. Little, Brown Company. New York. 2006

[edit] External links

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