Dong Zhuo
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| Names | |
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| Simplified Chinese: | 董卓 |
| Traditional Chinese: | 董卓 |
| Pinyin: | Dǒng Zhuō |
| Wade-Giles: | Tung Cho |
| Zi: | Zhongying (仲颖) |
Dong Zhuo (? – May 22, 192) was a warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. He seized control of Luoyang in 189 after the capital fell into chaos following the death of Emperor Ling and a bloody clash between the powerful eunuch faction and the court officials. Dong Zhuo subsequently deposed the rightful heir to the throne and instated the puppet Emperor Xian.
However, Dong Zhuo's tyrannical and cruel ways angered many, and warlords around the country formed a coalition against him, forcing him to move the capital west to Chang'an. Dong Zhuo was eventually assassinated by his adoptive son Lü Bu as part of a plot by Interior Minister Wang Yun.
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[edit] Life
[edit] Early life
Born in Lintao (临洮) of the Longxi Commandery (陇西), Dong Zhuo was said to be full of chivalry in his youth. Travelling widely in the Qiang region, he made friends with many a gallant man. Being both resourceful and physically adept, Dong Zhuo later participated in the campaign against Qiang rebels in Bingzhou (并州). For his excellent performance Dong Zhuo was rewarded with 9,000 rolls of fine silk, all of which he distributed to his colleagues and subordinates.
Having been promoted a few times subsequently, Dong Zhuo was sent to quell the Yellow Turban Rebellion in the early 180s but was defeated and demoted. When Han Sui rebelled in Liangzhou (凉州), Dong Zhuo was reinstated as Knight General and sent to put down the rebellion.
During a battle against the Qiang tribes, who allied themselves with Han Sui, Dong Zhuo's force was outnumbered with a river cutting off its retreat. To prevent a rout, Dong Zhuo had his troops dam up the river, pretending to fish in the reservoir formed. Then he ordered his men to cross the dried up lower stream and break the dam. All pursuits were effectively thwarted by the now replaced river.
Dong Zhuo was henceforth promoted to General of the Front and Bingzhou Governor. However, unwilling to leave the troops and subjects loyal to him in Liangzhou, Dong Zhuo declined the new post.
[edit] Rise to power
Following the death of Emperor Ling in 189, Supreme General He Jin summoned Dong Zhuo to lead his troops into Luoyang to aid his plot to eliminate the powerful eunuch faction. Before Dong Zhuo arrived, however, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuchs and the capital fell into chaos. The eunuchs then kidnapped the young emperor and headed out of the capital. They were intercepted by Dong Zhuo, who brought the emperor back to the palace.
During this time, He Jin's half brother, General of Chariots and Cavalry He Miao (何苗), was suspected of colluding with the eunuchs and killed by his own subjects. The former troops of He Jin and He Miao, having no leader, then came under Dong Zhuo's command. Meanwhile, Dong Zhuo also enticed Lü Bu to slay his own adopted father Ding Yuan, another warlord summoned to Luoyang by the late He Jin, and defect. Thus Dong Zhuo grasped control of all troops in the capital.
In 190, Dong Zhuo deposed the young emperor and placed in the throne the puppet Emperor Xian. He also made himself the Prime Minister and henceforth began to show his tyrannical ways. He was given special dispensation to carry his sword to court, which was forbidden to all others. (This dispensation had not been given to any Han official since Xiao He.) The dispensation also permitted him to enter court without taking his shoes off. The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms recorded an incident where Dong Zhuo led his troops to Yangcheng (阳城) and ordered them to cut off the heads of all male inhabitants. The soldiers then ransacked the city and brought back the women, oxen and valuables, claiming to have defeated a rebel force. Dong Zhuo himself also slept with palace maids and even princesses.
[edit] Move to Chang'an
In the same year, warlords around the country formed a coalition against Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo then moved the capital west to the strategically sound Chang'an. Before he did so, however, he had the tombs of late emperors excavated and the treasures within robbed. He then burnt down the palace.
After moving to Chang'an, Dong Zhuo made his younger brother Dong Min the General of the Left and all his kin court officials. He also built a castle at the county of Mei, 260 li from Chang'an. In the castle he stored thirty years worth of food and threw banquets, during which savage tortures would be performed on captured rebels. Against his opposition Dong Zhuo would also pass cruel punishments. Within two years, those wrongly accused and executed numbered in the thousands.
Dong Zhuo also ordered bronze statues and bells be melted down and recast into coins, which were flooded into the market. Serious inflation occurred as a result, and the coin currency soon became useless.
[edit] Downfall and More Turmoil
Because of his many outrageous deeds, Dong Zhuo had aroused the anger of many and the risk of assassination was high. For his personal safety, Dong Zhuo depended heavily on Lü Bu, whom he had adopted as a son. The son shadowed the father almost all the time.
However, in his frequent bouts of temper Dong Zhuo would hurl a halberd at Lü Bu. Although the agile Lü Bu could always duck the throw, and Dong Zhuo's fury would dissipate quickly, Lü Bu nonetheless bore a furtive displeasure against his adoptive father. Furthermore, being entrusted to guard the residence of Dong Zhuo, Lü Bu held an amorous affair with one of Dong Zhuo's chambermaids. For this he was constantly in fear of being discovered.
In 192, encouraged by Interior Minister Wang Yun, Lü Bu finally made up his mind to murder Dong Zhuo. Bringing along a dozen trusted men, including the slender Cavalry Captain Li Su, Lü Bu greeted Dong Zhuo at the palace gate. When Li Su stepped up and stabbed Dong Zhuo, the warlord cried out for his son. But saying "This is an imperial order," Lü Bu delivered the fatal blow.
Dong Zhuo's corpse was then left in the streets, while anyone who went forward to collect the body was slain. The official guarding the corpse lit a wick in Dong Zhuo's navel and it burned for days on the fats of the corpse. Dong Zhuo's relatives were also executed subsequently, including Dong Min.
Shortly after his death, many loyalists of Dong Zhuo, such as Fan Chou, Li Ru, Li Jue and others escaped, believing that their loyalty will be considered treason. Hearing of their appeal for pardon, Wang Yun, who took control of the government, said, "Of all the people who should be forgiven, these are the exceptions". Feeling outraged, they waged war with Wang Yun, only to have the Imperial Army and Lu Bu foiling them, after many defeats, the loyalists decided to change their tactics in battle.
In one battle, Fan Chou and Li Jue were diversions to subdue Lü Bu into fighting, and then all the other loyalists would take over the castle. The plan worked, as Lu Bu retreated soon after the castle was breached.
Soon power turned for the loyalists, but they all were in a power struggle, just like the courts before them. Soon, all of China was in a major civil war for ascension to the throne.
[edit] Dong Zhuo in Romance of the Three Kingdoms
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a historical novel by Luo Guanzhong, was a romanticization of the events that occurred before and during the Three Kingdoms Period. Because the real-life Dong Zhuo was already much of a cruel and treacherous character, the novel probably could do little more to accentuate that treachery and cruelty. It did, however, on two occasions deviate from the history.
[edit] Dong Zhuo and the three brothers
Dong Zhuo first appeared as early as late in Chapter 1. Being sent to quell the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Dong Zhuo was defeated by the rebel leader Zhang Jiao and the battle was turning into a rout.
The three newly sworn brothers, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, happened to be nearby. They then led their forces out to Dong Zhuo's rescue. Suddenly met with this new opposition, the rebels were swept off their feet and had to retreat.
After returning to camp, Dong Zhuo asked the three brothers what offices they currently held. And they replied that they held none. Dong Zhuo harrumphed and then ignored them. This angered Zhang Fei so much that he grabbed his sword and wanted to kill Dong Zhuo. He was however stopped by his two brothers, who suggested taking their service elsewhere. Thus was Dong Zhuo's life spared and the three brothers went their own way.
[edit] Dong Zhuo and Diao Chan
Perhaps the most popular story about Dong Zhuo was the fictional triangular love relationship involving Dong Zhuo, Lü Bu and Diao Chan, which eventually led to the death of Dong Zhuo in the hands of his own adoptive son, Lü Bu.
After Dong Zhuo moved the capital to the more strategically sound Chang'an, Interior Minister Wang Yun started to contemplate a plot to assassinate the tyrant by using the petite Diao Chan, a song girl who was brought up in his household but whom he had been treating like his own daughter, to plant the seed of dissension between Dong Zhuo and Lü Bu.
Inviting Lü Bu over one night, Wang Yun asked Diao Chan to serve wine to the guest. Lü Bu was immediately seized by the girl's beauty. Well aware of this, Wang Yun then promised to marry Diao Chan to the mighty warrior.
A few days later, however, Wang Yun laid a feast for Dong Zhuo and repeated the feat. Like Lü Bu, Dong Zhuo could not lift his eyes off Diao Chan, who also displayed her prowess in song and dance. Dong Zhuo then brought Diao Chan home and made her his concubine.
When Lü Bu heard about this the next morning, he headed for Dong Zhuo's bedroom and peeped in through the window. There he saw Diao Chan sitting up grooming her hair while Dong Zhuo was still asleep. Aware of Lü Bu's presence, Diao Chan then put up a sorrowful expression and pretended to wipe tears off her eyes with a handkerchief.
A similar incident recurred about a month later, but this time Dong Zhuo woke up in time to see Lü Bu staring fixedly at Diao Chan. Lü Bu was then thrown out and forbidden to come into the house.
Then one day, while Dong Zhuo was holding a conversation with Emperor Xian, Lü Bu stole to his foster father's residence and met with Diao Chan in the Fengyi Pavilion (凤仪亭). Weeping, Diao Chan pled with Lü Bu to rescue her from Dong Zhuo. Placing his halberd aside, Lü Bu held Diao Chan in his arms and comforted her with words.
Right then, Dong Zhuo returned to find the duo in the pavilion. The startled Lü Bu turned to flee. Dong Zhuo grabbed the halberd and gave chase. Being too slow, Dong Zhuo could not catch up with the agile Lü Bu. He then hurled the halberd at Lü Bu but the latter fended it off and got away.
After the incident, Lü Bu became increasingly displeased with Dong Zhuo. The displeasure was further inflamed by Wang Yun, who suggested subtly that Lü Bu kill Dong Zhuo. Lü Bu was eventually persuaded.
The conspirators sent Li Su to fetch Dong Zhuo from his castle in the county of Mei (郿) under the pretense that the emperor intended to abdicate the throne to the warlord. The overjoyed Dong Zhuo then came to the palace gate, where his troops were barred from entering. As Dong Zhuo's carriage neared the palace building, soldiers loyal to Wang Yun surrounded the carriage and stabbed Dong Zhuo with spears.
Injured only in the arms as he was wearing heavy armor, Dong Zhuo then croaked out for Lü Bu. But Lü Bu impaled Dong Zhuo's throat with his halberd, proclaiming, "I have an imperial decree to slay the rebel!"
[edit] Modern references
Dong Zhuo is a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors series of video games. He is portrayed as a ruthless tyrant who has usurped the authority of the Han, and ends up being defeated in almost every other playable character's main storyline. In battle, Dong Zhuo wields a weapon which appears to be a jagged Chinese dao, called the "Horror," and has a penchant for labelling those who oppose him as "insects," "vermin," and "bugs" that should be squashed. He relies heavily on his most capable officers, such as Hua Xiong and Lu Bu, and will not personally enter a battle unless he is left with little choice. His ultimate goal is the achieval of his "grand paradise," in which he is surrounded by wealth, concubines, freedom to pillage and destroy as he sees fit and enough power to eliminate any and all that would dare question his motives.
The character Toutaku Chuuei of the anime short series, Ikki Tousen, is based roughly on Dong Zhuo.
[edit] References
- Chen Shou (2002). San Guo Zhi. Yue Lu Shu She. ISBN 7-80665-198-5.
- Luo Guanzhong (1986). San Guo Yan Yi. Yue Lu Shu She. ISBN 7-80520-013-0.
- Lo Kuan-chung; tr. C.H. Brewitt-Taylor (2002). Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3467-9.
[edit] See also
- Han Dynasty
- End of Han Dynasty
- Three Kingdoms
- Personages of the Three Kingdoms
- Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms
- Romance of the Three Kingdoms
