Dnyaneshwar
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Sant Dnyāneshwar / Sant Jñāneshwar (1275-1296) (ज्ञानेश्वर in Marathi) (also known as Jñanadeva - ज्ञानदेव ) was a 13th century saint-poet born in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra state, west India. He was a yogi born in a socially outcast high-caste family. He was the first noteworthy proponent of Bhagawat dharma, a sect of bhakti (devotional worship) tradition in Hinduism. Dnyaneshwar composed Bhavarthadeepika or Dnyaneshwari (ज्ञानेश्वरी), to explain sacred knowledge of the holy book Bhagavad Gita to the masses. Sant Dnyaneshwar wrote Dnyaneshwari in Newasa town of Ahmednagar district. He took sanjeevan Samadhi, a yogic path to salvation by giving up life at the young age of 21.
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[edit] Childhood
Sant Dnyaneswar was born in a Deshastha Brahmin family to Vitthal Pant Kulkarni and Rukmini Bai, at Apegaon in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, India. He was the second of their four children. His elder brother was Nivruttinath, and younger brother was Sopandev and his sister was Muktabai.
Vitthal pant, a devoted Brahmin, had earlier left his home to attain a sanyasin life. His guru sent him back to family life. A sannyasi returning to family life was unacceptable to the establishment, and a social boycott was called on this poor family. The couple and children suffered much with the boycott, but kept on with their quest for spiritual knowledge. Unable to bear this social brunt, the couple committed what was perhaps a suicide in the deep waters of River Indrayani as an atonement for their actions. However, that didn’t save the children from social stigma.
Dnyneshwar and his brothers were denied basic needs like food and water. The children continued their path of spiritual knowledge. This knowledge and some uncommon experiences (see note below) from their yogic life finally gave all four children the place they deserved in the society.
Sant Dnyaneshwar took sanjivan samadhi at Alandi in Pune District of Maharashtra, India. He is widely believed to be an incarnation of Lord Vitthal himself (Vitthal avatār). It is said that he was a jñani (one who has realized brahman) and therefore had complete control over his senses. A famous abhang (devotional song) by the Vaishnav saint Tukaram exalts Sri Jnaneshwar as "Jnāniyāncha Rājā," or "the king amongst jnānis."
[edit] Work
Sant Dnyaneshwar’s writing is a combination of scholarly intelligence and poetic beauty. He along with Sant Namdeo propagated the warkari tradition, that has beem alive for over 700 years.
His major works include:
- The Bhavarth Deepika/Dnyanadevi, popularly known as the Dnyaneshwari, a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita written in Marathi. Dnyaneshwari is one of the three sacred books or Prasthanatrayi of Bhagavata Dharma. (Locally called the Warkari movement.)
- Nearly a thousand Marathi devotional songs (Abhanga) of which 28 are the famous Haripath.
- The Amritanubhava, is the work in which he has stated his own philosophy, also called Chitvilaasavaada.
The works of Dnyaneshwar and his siblings have influenced the Marathi culture to this day. The poetry of Dnyaneshwar and Muktabai is still very popular in Maharashtra even after 700 years.
Here is one of his most famous abhangas:
mogaraa phulalaa mogaraa phulalaa phule venchitaa baharoo kaliyaasi aala ||1||
ivalese ropa laaviyale dwaari tyaacha velu gelaa gaganaavari ||2||
manaachiye gunti gunthiyelaa shelaa baaparakhumaadevivaru viththale arpilaa||3||
Here is another one:
अमोलिक रत्न जोडले रे तुज का रे ब्रह्मबीज नोळखसी ।।१।।
amolika ratna jodale re tuza kaa re brahmabeeja nolakhasi ||1||
न बुडे न कळे न भिये चोरा ते वस्तु चतुरा सेवीजेसू ।।२।।
na bude na kale na bhiye choraa te vastu chaturaa sevijesoo ||2||
ज्ञानदेवो म्हणे अविनाश जोडले आणूनी ठेविले गुरुमुखी ।।३।।
dnyaanadevo mhane avinaasha jodale aanooni thevile gurumukhi ||3||
Other famous abhangas include "Āaji soniyācha dinu," "Arey arey jñana zhālāsi pāvan," and "Pāndurang Kānti divya teja zhalakati."
[edit] Siblings
- Nivruttinath: Elder brother of Dnyaneshwar, Nivrutti Nath was an authority in nath sect. Dnyaneshwar accepted his elder brother as his guru. After Dnyaneshwar, Nivrutti Nath travelled with his sister on a pilgrimage along Tapi river where they were caught in a thunderstorm and Mukta lost in it without a trace. It is also said that Mukta bai was so immersed in love with lord Vitthal that Vitthal called her to himself and she got suddenly disappeared or vanished.This scene was seen by Nivrutti nath. Nivrutti nath took to salvation (Samadhi) at Triambakeshwar.
- Sopandev: Younger brother Sopandev attained ‘samadhi' at Saswad near Pune.
- Muktabai: The youngest of the siblings, Mukta Bai (or Muktai / Muktabai) was known for her simple and straight expression of thoughts.
[edit] A note on miracles
The stories by believers in Bhagawata Sampradaya (sect) about Saint Dnyaneshwar’s life are full of miracles. These stories mentioned in many scriptures and include : baking bread (puranpoli)on his heated back, making a wall move and making a bull recite vedic hymns. Logic and rational thought have denied such miracles. But it should be noted that yogic texts describe these abilities and say they can be acquired at an advanced stage in yogic practices although the verification of such abilities has not been proven and is most likely a pseudoscience.
[edit] See Also
[edit] Bibliography
- R.D.Ranade, Mysticism in Maharashtra: Indian mysticism (Poona, 1933; reprint: Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1982) ISBN 8120805755
- B.P.Bahirat, The Philosophy of Jnanadeva (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1956) ISBN 8171547370
- P.V.Bobde (trans), Garland of Divine Flowers: selected devotional lyrics of Saint Jnanesvara (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1987) ISBN 8120803906
- John Noyce, Gyaneshwara: a Western-language bibliography (Melbourne: Noyce Publishing, 1995)
