Device driver
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A device driver, or a software driver is a specific type of computer software, typically developed to allow interaction with hardware devices. This usually constitutes an interface for communicating with the device, through the specific computer bus or communications subsystem that the hardware is connected to, providing commands to and/or receiving data from the device, and on the other end, the requisite interfaces to the operating system and software applications.
Often called simply a driver, it is a specialized hardware-dependent computer program, which is also operating system specific, that enables another program, typically an operating system or applications software package, to interact transparently with the given device. It usually provides the requisite interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interfacing needs.
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[edit] Device driver philosophy
The key design goal of device drivers is abstraction. Every model of hardware (even within the same class of device) is different. Newer models also are released by manufacturers that provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often controlled differently.
Computers and their operating systems cannot be expected to know how to control every device, both now and in the future. To solve this problem, operating systems essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled. The function of the device driver is then to translate these OS mandated function calls into device specific calls. In theory a new device, which is controlled in a new manner, should function correctly if a suitable driver is available. This new driver will ensure that the device appears to operate as usual from the operating systems' point of view.
Depending on the specific computer architecture, drivers can be 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, and more recently, 64-bit. This corresponds directly to the architecture of the operating system for which those drivers were developed. For example, in 16-bit Windows 3.11, most drivers were 16-bits, while most drivers for 32-bit Windows XP are 32-bit. More recently, specific 64-bit Windows versions have required hardware vendors to provide newer 64-bit drivers for their devices.
Linux device drivers are built into the OS kernel, and thus get built for the appropriate bit-width automatically. Provided that sufficient technical information about the hardware is available, the Linux kernel team will write the drivers free of charge.[1] This absolves both hardware vendors and end users from having to worry about drivers.
[edit] Device driver development
Writing a device driver is considered a challenge in most cases, as it requires an in-depth understanding of how a given platform functions, both at the hardware and the software level. Because many device drivers execute in kernel mode, software bugs often have much more damaging effects to the system. This is in contrast to most types of user-level software running under modern operating systems, which can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system. Even drivers executing in user mode can crash a system if the device being controlled is erroneously programmed. These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems.
All of this means that the engineers most likely to write device drivers come from the companies that develop the hardware. This is because they have more complete access to information about the design of their hardware than most outsiders. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware manufacturer's interest to guarantee that their clients would be able to use their hardware in an optimum way. However, in recent years non-vendors too have written numerous device drivers, mainly for use under free operating systems. In such cases, co-operation on behalf of the vendor is still important, however, as reverse engineering is much more difficult with hardware than it is with software, meaning it may take a long time to learn to operate hardware that has an unknown interface.
In Windows, Microsoft is attempting to address the issues of system instability by poorly written device drivers by creating a new framework for driver development known as Windows Driver Foundation (WDF). This includes User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF) that encourages development of certain types of drivers - primarily those that implement a message-based protocol for communicating with their devices - as user mode drivers. If such drivers malfunction they will not cause system instability. The Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) model continues to allow development of kernel-mode device drivers, but attempts to provide standard implementations of functions that are well known to cause problems, including cancellation of I/O operations, power management, and plug and play device support.
[edit] Device driver applications
Because of the diversity of modern hardware and operating systems, many ways exist in which drivers can be used. Drivers are used for interfacing with:
- Printers
- Video adapters
- Network cards
- Sound cards
- Local buses of various sorts - in particular, for bus mastering on modern systems
- Low-bandwidth I/O buses of various sorts (for pointing devices such as mice, keyboards, USB, etc.)
- computer storage devices such as hard disk, CD-ROM and floppy disk buses (ATA, SATA, SCSI)
- Implementing support for different file systems
- Implementing support for image scanners and digital cameras
Common levels of abstraction for device drivers are
- For hardware:
- Interfacing directly
- Using some higher-level interface (e.g. Video BIOS)
- Using another lower-level device driver (e.g. file system drivers using disk drivers)
- Simulating work with hardware, while doing something entirely different
- For software:
- Allowing the operating system direct access to hardware resources
- Implementing only primitives
- Implementing an interface for non-driver software (e.g. TWAIN)
- Implementing a language, sometimes quite high-level (e.g. PostScript)
Choosing and installing the correct device drivers for given hardware is often a key component of computer system configuration.
[edit] Virtual device drivers
A particular variant of device drivers are virtual device drivers. They are used in virtualization environments, for example when an MS-DOS program is run on a Microsoft Windows computer or when a guest operating system is run inside e.g. VMware. Instead of enabling the guest operating system to dialog with hardware, virtual device drivers take the opposite role and emulate a piece of hardware, so that the guest operating system and its drivers running inside a virtual machine can have the illusion of accessing real hardware. Attempts by the guest operating system to access the hardware are routed to the virtual device driver in the host operating system as e.g. function calls. The virtual device driver can also send simulated processor-level events like interrupts into the virtual machine.
[edit] Open drivers
[edit] Driver APIs
- Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) - The standard modern Linux sound driver interface
- I/O Kit - an open-source framework from Apple for developing Mac OS X device drivers
- Installable File System (IFS) - a filesystem API for IBM OS/2 and Microsoft Windows NT
- Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) - a standard network card driver API
- Open Data-Link Interface (ODI) - a network card API similar to NDIS
- Uniform Driver Interface (UDI) - a cross platform driver interface project
- Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) - the new graphic display driver architecture for Windows Vista
- Windows Driver Foundation (WDF)
- Windows Driver Model (WDM)
