Desoxyn
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Desoxyn® CII is a brand pharmaceutical form of methamphetamine hydrochloride (also known as desoxyephedrine, hence the name "Desoxyn"), indicated for treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD), narcolepsy, and exogenous obesity. Desoxyn is a Schedule II medication under the U.S. DEA Schedule system.
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[edit] History
After being first developed in the United States in 1942, Desoxyn was manufactured and marketed by Abbott Laboratories as an immediate-release tablet. Later, a sustained-release formulation in the form of a plastic-matrix tablet, "Desoxyn Gradumet," was also distributed. Abruptly, however, Abbott discontinued production of the Gradumet form of Desoxyn in Fall 1999, citing "manufacturing difficulties" as the reason for discontinuation.
In 2002, Abbott sold their rights to Desoxyn to Ovation Pharma, which took over production and marketing of the drug (although initially, Abbott maintained production at their facilities). Able Labs produced a generic formulation of dextromethamphetamine hydrochloride at a lower price than brand-name Desoxyn, until the company went out of business.
[edit] Use and tolerance
Because methamphetamine hydrochloride, the active ingredient in Desoxyn, is reported to be effective longer and fifty percent more effective per dose than amphetamine, for example, prescriptions for this drug may increase as ADD/ADHD treatment increases and as long-term users of other treatments gain tolerance to the other stimulant drugs used to treat ADD/ADHD.
A typical initial prescription is 5mg (the lowest available single-tablet dosage), titrating upward weekly to determine the most effective dosage, if necessary.
[edit] Indications and contraindications
Generally, the recommended uses of Desoxyn are similar to the other amphetamine-class stimulants (such as Adderall, Dexedrine or methylphenidate, for example). Because of the enhanced potency of dextromethamphetamine hydrochloride over the aforementioned stimulant drugs, Desoxyn is often used as a "second-line" medication when the "first-line" (i.e., most commonly prescribed) medications have been found deficient, or with unacceptable side affects.
Further, because the secondary effects of dextromethamphetamine hydrochloride are least among the amphetamine-class stimulants or methylphenidate but the highest degree of primary effectiveness (i.e., most effective at enhancing concentration and decreasing distractibility, with the least occurrence of side effects), Desoxyn can be useful for patients who find other medications ineffective or for whom the side effects of such other medications are too severe.
The greater primary effectiveness of Desoxyn is believed to be caused by the extra methyl group of dextromethamphetamine hydrochloride which is lacking in basic amphetamine, which may increase the solubility of dextromethamphetamine hydrochloride in lipids (and therefore be more deeply and thoroughly absorbed into the fatty tissue of the brain).
Similarly to other stimulants, use of Desoxyn is not recommended for patients with known cardiovascular issues, or within fourteen days of having ingested an MAOI medication. It is also not recommended for patients with a history of psychotic episodes, because stimulants may exacerbate any preexisting tendencies toward psychotic behavior.
[edit] Pharmacology
DESOXYN (methamphetamine hydrochloride tablets, USP), chemically known as (S)-N,αlpha-dimethylbenzeneethanamine hydrochloride, is a member of the amphetamine group of sympathomimetic amines.
[edit] Chirality
The active salt of Desoxyn is dextro-methamphetamine hydrochloride. This is the right-hand isomer of methamphetamine bonded to hydrochloride. The left-handed isomer of methamphetamine, levo-methamphetamine, is less centrally acting and more peripherally acting; therefore a racemic mixture of dextro/levo-methamphetamine salts isn't in production.
[edit] Central Nervous System
D-methamphetamine hydrochloride is a potent central nervous system stimulant, that affects neurochemical mechanisms responsible for regulating heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, appetite, attention, mood and responses associated with alertness or alarm conditions. D-methamphetamine hydrochloride causes the norepinephrine transporter, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter to reverse its direction of flow. This inversion leads to a release of these transmitters from the vesicles to the cytoplasm and from the cytoplasm to the synapse. D-methamphetamine also indirectly prevents the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, causing them to remain in the synaptic cleft longer.
[edit] Problematic Use
Desoxyn has retained a degree of controversy because of concerns it may be abused. Despite the potential benefits Desoxyn has over other stimulants in treating ADHD or narcolepsy, there is an enormous stigma attached to the drug.[citation needed] For this reason, many doctors are unwilling to prescribe it, and many patients unwilling to take it. However, research has indicated that ADD/ADHD patients treated with stimulants are in fact less likely to use substances problematically than patients who are not treated with these drugs, and there is little evidence that prescription stimulant use under a medical program administered by a doctor leads to problematic use.[citation needed] This research has not, however, covered Desoxyn specifically, and prescribing it retains a high risk of both dependency in the patient and resale on the prescription drug black market.
[edit] Adverse Effects
Many negative side effects have been linked with normal usage of Desoxyn. These include:
- Significant elevation of plasma corticosteroids
- Risk of premature birth and low birth weight
- Tachycardia, palpitations, arrhythmia, hyper/hypotension, and circulatory collapse
- Psychotic episodes, dizziness, dysphoria, insomnia, headache, and tremors
- Diarrhea, constipation, dryness of mouth, unpleasant taste, and other gastrointestinal disturbances
- Urticaria
- Impotence / unusual changes in libido
- Suppression of growth with long term use in children
As with other amphetamines, the majority of these side-effects are uncommon in therapeutic use, with the exception of growth retardation in children. Desoxyn also has a higher benefit relative to the incidence of side-effects than other amphetamines.
