Derby Carriage and Wagon Works
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Derby Carriage and Wagon Works was built by the Midland Railway in Derby, England
Railway building began in Derby in 1840, when the North Midland Railway, the Midland Counties Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Railway set up engine sheds as part of their Tri Junct Station. When the three merged in 1844 to form the Midland Railway its first Locomotive and Carriage Superintendent Matthew Kirtley set out to organise their activities and persuaded that the railway should build their own rolling stock, rather than buying it in.
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[edit] Midland Railway
By the 1860's the works had expanded to such an extent, that he was considering reorganising it and, in 1873, it separated into the Midland Railway Locomotive Works, known locally as "The Loco" and a new Derby Carriage and Wagon Works, further south, off Litchurch Lane, locally known as the "Carriage and Wagon". This was completed by his successor Samuel W. Johnson, under the control of James Clayton with the first carriages being produced in 1887 .
The carriages of the time were less than fifty feet long, but Clayton had the foresight to design the works to deal with vehicles up to seventy feet. This meant, for instance, that the traversers at the end of each shed were still in use a century later.
Production had actually begun in 1873 of forty foot, six-wheeled carriages, initially from kits supplied by the Pullman Company of Detroit in America. these wre followed by 26 foot third class coaches, and thirty foot Post Office vehicles. Initially claret or dark red, with dark green locomotives, the livery of both was changed to the well-known crimson in 1883. Five layers of undercoat were used, followed by a top coat and three coats of varnish.
A six wheeled coach built in 1885 is in the National Railway Museum. In 1879 the first bogie coaches were built for the Midland's line to Glasgow over its newly-opened Settle-Carlisle line. Clayton's successor in 1903 was David Bain., the works building sleeping cars and dining coaches. In 1904 two steam motor-carriages were fitted out for the Morecambe-Heysham service.
Ten and twelve ton wagons were produced in quantity, starting with a set of components in the morning, each would be assembled for painting by the end of the day. Reid and E.J.H.Lemon studied American mass production methods and introduced them around 1919, raising output to 200 wagons and 10 coaches a week. The sawmill was recognised as the most modern and largest in Europe, with over 2000 miles of timber being seasoned, of nearly sixty different varieties, from pine to lignum vitae.
In 1914 the works turned to producing supplies for the army of World War I, building ambulance trains and army wagons, plus parts for rifles.
[edit] London, Midland and Scottish Railway
In 1923 the Midland Railway became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, and W.R.Reid was appointed Carriage & Wagon Superintendent. Together with the LNWR's Wolverton works, new coaches were built to the Midland design, corridor coaches with doors to each compartment - the so-called "all-doors". These were still in use until nearly 1960, particularly on the Liverpool and Newcastle to Bristol expresses.
Around 1929 the compartment doors, however, were replaced by two fixed lights, and later with single large windows. All-wood construction gave way to steel panels. In the next decade the Works Superintendent, Ernest Pugson, realised the potential of the new technology of metallic arc welding, replacing many forged and cast components. He introduced the first composite welded steel/timber bodies with standardised jig-built components. The first open carriages, referred to as "vestibule coaches", also appeared. From 1933, roofs were of steel rather than wood, with a simplified livery and a smoother external appearance, and, at the end of the 1930's all-welded steel vehicles were built for the Liverpool and Southport electric service, the Class 502.
During World War II, Derby pioneered aeroplane wing production methods, by 1945 having produced over 4000. With the loco works, wings and fuselages were repaired and sent to a private contractor at Nottingham for assembly, initially of Hampden bombers but later of other aircraft including Lancasters.
Although, towards the end of the 'thirties a complete 'Coronation Scot' train was built for an exhibition tour in America and a streamlined all-welded three coach railcar, most of the all-steel carriages were made by outside manufacturers. After the war, the LMS began to produce its own, the so-called "porthole" stock with round windows to the lavatory compartment. After nationalisation in 1948, as the main carriage works of the London Midland Region, the first Mk I all-steel carriages were produced.
[edit] British Rail diesel railcars
In the early 1950's a railway carriage could be seen gliding along, apparently by itself, on the Wirksworth Branch out of Duffield. (The present Ecclesbourne Valley line.
In 1953, Derby was chosen to build the first diesel multiple units, of all-aluminium construction, the so-called "Derby Lightweights". This also included the introduction of glass fibre laminate for the roof ends.
People have queried the use of an outdated pre-war engine and the non-standard coupling arrangement. As is typical, when a public body receives a windfall from the Government, it is prudent to spend it as soon as possible, before the politicians change their mind. The Board, therefore, was keen to get some vehicles in service as soon as possible, to overcome the perennial problems of under investment and over use. The Derby drawing office already had a tested deign in the form of the pre-war LMS experimental three-car set, though that was steel bodied, rather than aluminium, and it is not clear how much influence it had.
Trailer cars were also built for the London Transport Executive as replacements on the London Underground Piccadilly Line. In 1956, all-steel railcars, the "Derby Heavyweights" were introduced, with over a thousand being built in that decade.
From 1958 a new class of Derby Lightweight was produced in quantity, the Class 108. A number of steel bodied Class 107 units was built in 1960 for lines in Scotland.
[edit] Litchurch Lane
In 1962 the works was renamed as Derby Litchurch Lane Works. Wagon building and repairs ended, with a major reorganisation of the carriage and railcar work, and in 1979 container production finished.
In 1984, British Rail was under extreme financial pressure to close branch lines. At the same time a worldwide need was seen for a low-cast rail vehicle. The Research Division and British Leyland together produced a lightweight four wheeled vehicle which they referred to as LEV-1. After proving trials, which included assessment on the Boston and Maine Railroad in America it was put into service as the Class 140 which led to a series of two car "Pacer" units, and around 150 of various classes were built.
[edit] Post Privatisation
BREL was eventually bought by Asea Brown Boveri (ABB), which then became Adtranz, and later, Bombardier Transportation.
One of the first orders in 1993 were Class 482 electric trains for the Waterloo and City Line. In 1995 a number of electric Class 325 parcels trains. However this period was characterised by large contracts and rushes of work, interspersed with periods of relative idleness and layoffs. The works kept going by refurbishing ex-Southern Region slam-door stock.
In 1997 a contract was received to supply a new class of vehicle, the Class 168 "Clubman" which gave way to the various "Turbostar" classes which, with their electric equivalent, the "Electrostar" have become the most widely used trains on British railways.
Though its future is, as ever, uncertain, in 2006 it is said to be the only remaining specialist British train manufacturer. It is currently building a new fleet of trains for the Victoria, and sub-surface (Metropolitan/District/Circle) lines of the London Underground. The company also received an order to build more Electrostars for the extended East London Line and London Overground.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Larkin, E.J., Larkin, J.G., (1988) The Railway Workshops of Great Britain 1823-1986,' ' Macmillan Press
- Robertson, K., (2004) First Generation DMUs, Ian Allan Publishing
- Billson, P., (1996) Derby and the Midland Railway, Breedon Books
- Marsden, C.J., (1989) Twenty Five Years of Railway Research, Haynes Publishing Co.
