Delias eucharis
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| Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773) |
Delias eucharis, the Common Jezebel, is a medium sized pierid butterfly found in Asia. It is among the commoner species in the genus Delias, the Jezebels, consisting of about 200 species. The Delias group of butterflies are considered as having their evolutionary origins in the Australian region. [1]
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[edit] Description
It has a wingspan of about 6.5 to 8.5 cm.
[edit] Male
Upperside: white. Forewings: the veins broadly black, this colour broadened triangularly at the termination of the veins, costal margin narrowly black; a broad black postdiscal transvere band from costa to dorsum sloped obliquely outwards from costa to vein 4, thence parallel to termen. Hind wing with the veins similar but for three-fourths of their length much more narrowly black; a postdiscal transverse black band as on the forewing but much narrower, curved and extended only between veins 2 and 6; beyond this the veins are more broadly black and this colour as on the forewing broadens out triangularly at the termination of the veins; the interspaces beyond the postdiscal black band pink, due to the vermilion coloration of the underside showing through. [2]
Underside: forewings similar but the black edging to the veins much broader, the upper two interspaces beyond the postdiscal transverse band tinged with yellow. Hind wing: ground colour bright yellow, the veins and transverse postdiscal band as on the upperside but much more broadly black, the latter extended from the costa to vein 2; the interspaces between the veins beyond the postdiscal fascia with a series of broadly lanceolate or cone-shaped vermilion-red spots, each spot very narrowly edged with white; the basal portion of interspace 6 white, in contrast to the bright yellow of the ground-colour. Antenna black; head, thorax and abdomen white, the apical joint of the palpi black; the head and thorax with a mixture of black hairs that give these parts a grey-blue appearance.
[edit] Female
Upper and undersides similar to those in the male, but the black edging to the veins and the postdiscal transverse bands on both fore and hind wings very much broader.[2]
[edit] Distribution and status
Sri Lanka, India (except the desert tracts). North Myanmar.[2] In most of its range, this species is common. Generally found all over India, except in the desert tracts, and up to an altitude of 7000 feet in the hills. The butterfly may be found wherever there are trees, even in towns and cities, flying high among the trees and visiting flowers.
[edit] Habits
It is commonly seen in gardens. The females can be seen flying amongst the trees in search of its foodplants, while the males are more frequently observed visiting flowers for nectar or mud-puddling. It rests with its wings closed exhibiting the brilliantly coloured underside.
The Jezebel often flies high up in the canopy and usually comes lower down only to feed on nectar in flowers. Due to this habit apparently, it has evolved a dull upperside and a brilliant underside so that birds below it recognise it immediately while in flight and at rest.
[edit] Protection
It has bright coloration to indicate the fact that it is unpalatable due to the larval host-plants that it feeds on.
Like other unpalatable butterflies the Jezebels are mimicked by :
- Prioneris, the Sawtooths, (a Pierid genus).
- Jezebel Palmfly, Elymnias vasudeva.
[edit] Lifecycle
The Jezebel breeds all year round.
[edit] Eggs
Eggs are laid in batches of about 10 or 20 in number although larger batch sizes are not unheard of. These are laid on the underside of a leaf of its foodplant.
[edit] Larva
The caterpillars are gregarious in the first few instars. Caterpillars are yellow brown with a black head and have white tubercules from which long white hair arise.
"Long, cylindrical and smooth with an oily gloss. Two subdorsal rows of long white bristles springing from minute white tubercles; head, sides and back sparsely clothed with shrot white bristles: colour brown, head and feet black. It may be found from the beginning of August everywhere on the common 'mistletoe' (Loranthus), from which it will drop and hang by a thread if the tree is shaken. We have never found it feeding on anything else. Unlike most butterflies this species lays as many as twenty or thirty eggs on one leaf, in parallel rows, with equal intervals, and the larvae continue in some measure gregarious to the last, so that a large number of pupae are often found, at a little distance from each other, on a wall, or the trunk of a tree."[2]
When born, they first make a meal of their eggshell and wander off to the nearest leaf-margin where they devour the leaf, side by side, and then move on to the next one. Leaf after leaf is collectively devoured by this group till they pass through the first few instars of the larval stage. However growth amongst these caterpillars is not even due to the varying amount of food that each is able to get. Accordingly their development is staggered, they pupate only when they are ready and the brood emerges over a period of time. The larva is not very lively. When disturbed, it drops off the leaf by a silken thread.
[edit] Pupa
"Closely attached by the tail and by a band generally to a vertical surface with the head upwards. It is moderately stout with a short snout, two small tubercles on the head, a sharp but not prominent dorsal ridge on the thorax, continued in a row of tubercles on the abdominal segments. Below these are two partial subdorsal rows. Colour bright yellow; tubercles and a row of spots defining the wing-cases black.[2]
"Large numbers are destroyed by a dipterous parasite very like a common house-fly." (Davidson and Aitken)[2]
The chrysalis is bright yellow coloured. It is marked with black spots and lines. It is attached to the underside of a leaf or branch or any other suitable surface by a strong tail pad and a tight body band.
[edit] Foodplants
The host plants are various species of small shrubs which are plant parasites growing on branches of trees such as Loranthus.[3] Their ability to form dense aggregations as caterpillars and to feed on Loranthus has led to suggestions that they could be used for control of this parasite. [4]
[edit] References
- ^ Braby, M.F. and N.E. Pierce. 2006. Systematics, biogeography and diversification of the Indo-Australian genus Delias Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): phylogenetic evidence supports an ‘out-of-Australia’ origin. Systematic Entomology
- ^ a b c d e f Bingham, C. T. (1907) Fauna of British India Butterflies. Vol 2
- ^ Sevastopulo, DG, "Food plant of Delias eucharis Drury." Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. 49: p. 571. Dec. 1950.
- ^ Mushtaque, M. and G. M. Baloch (1979) Possibilities of biological control of mistletoes, Loranthus spp., using oligophagous insects from Pakistan. Journal BioControl 24(1)
[edit] See also
