Deir Alla

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Deir Alla, Jordan, was the site of a sanctuary and metal-working centre, ringed by smelting furnaces built against the exterior of the city walls,^[1] whose successive rebuildings, dated by ceramics from the Late Bronze Age, sixteenth century BCE, to the fifth century BCE, accumulated as a tell based on a low natural hill. The hopeful identification of the site as the Biblical Sukkot is not confirmed at the site. A series of Dutch excavations, beginning in 1960,^[2] made its most dramatic discovery in 1967, an ink wall inscription relating a hitherto-unknown prophecy of Balaam, who thereby becomes the first Old testament prophet to be identified in an inscription.

Deir Alla was the first Bronze Age city excavated in Jordan. The initial expectations were of establishing a relative chronology of Palestine pottery in the transition between the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, established through meticulous stratigraphy. It was intended to span a gap between established chronologies at Jericho and Samaria.^[3]

The oldest sanctuary at Deir Alla dates to the Late Bronze Age;^[4] it was peacefully rebuilt at intervals, the floor being raised as the tell accumulated height, and the squared altar stone renewed, each new one placed atop the previous one. The final sanctuary was obliterated in a fierce fire; the blackened remains of an Egyptian jar bearing the cartouche of Ramses II gives a terminus post quem of ca 1350 BCE, a date consonant with other twelfth-century urban destruction in the Ancient Near East.^[5] Unlike some other destroyed sites, Deir Alla's Iron Age habitation continued after the disaster, without a break; the discontinuity was a cultural one, with highly developed pottery of a separate ceramic tradition.

At the end of the 1964 campaign, two inscribed clay tablets in a hitherto unknown, possibly alphabetic script were discovered.

The 1967 excavation revealed a many-chambered structure that had also been destroyed by earthquake, during the Persian period at the site, found a previously unknown prophecy by the seer and prophet Balaam, written in an unattested peripheral local dialect, with Aramaic and South Canaanite characteristics, which employed an idiosyncratic script.^[6] The inscription is datable to ca. 840-760 BCE; it was painted in inks^[7] on fragments of a plastered wall: 119 pieces of inked plaster were recovered. The wall, near the summit of the tell, was felled by yet another tremor.^[8]

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