David

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This article is about the Biblical King of Israel. For other uses, see David (disambiguation).
David and Goliath by Caravaggio, c. 1599.
David and Goliath by Caravaggio, c. 1599.

David (Hebrew: דָּוִד, Standard Davíd Tiberian Dāwíð;Arabic: داوود or داود, Dāwūd; Tigrinya:ዳዊት, Dāwīt), meaning "beloved", was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel. He is depicted as a righteous king - although not without fault - as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet (he is traditionally credited with the authorship of many of the Psalms). His life and reign as recorded in the Hebrew Bible's books of First Samuel (from chapter 16 onwards),[1] Second Samuel,[2] First Kings[3] and Second Kings (to verse 4)[4] have been of central importance to Jewish and Western culture.

Contents

Biblical account of David's life

David and King Saul, by Rembrandt. David plays the lyre (depicted here as a harp) to the king "tormented by an evil spirit"
David and King Saul, by Rembrandt. David plays the lyre (depicted here as a harp) to the king "tormented by an evil spirit"

This section summarizes major episodes from David's life as recorded in the Hebrew Bible.

David is chosen

God withdraws his favor from King Saul and sends the prophet Samuel to Jesse of Bethlehem, "for I have provided for myself a king among his sons." The choice fell upon David, the youngest, who is guarding his father's sheep: "He was ruddy, and fine in appearance with handsome features. And the Lord said [to Samuel], 'Arise, anoint him; for this is he.'"[5]

David plays the lyre before Saul

Saul is tormented by an evil spirit. His servants suggest he send for David, "skillful in playing [the lyre], a man of valor, a man of war, prudent in speech, and a man of good presence; and the LORD is with him." So David enters Saul's service, and finds favour in his sight, "and whenever the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, David took the lyre and played it with his hand; so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him."[6]

David and Goliath

The Israelites under Saul are facing the army of the Philistines. David, the youngest of the sons of Jesse, brings food each day to his brothers who are with Saul, and hears the Philistine champion, the giant Goliath, challenge the Israelites to send their own champion to decide the outcome in single combat. David insists to his brothers that he can defeat Goliath; Saul, upon hearing of this, sends for him, and although uncertain, allows him to make the attempt. David is indeed victorious, felling Goliath with a stone from his sling, at which the Philistines flee in terror and the Israelites win a great victory. David brings the head of Goliath to Saul, who asks him whose son he is; David replies, "I am the son of your servant Jesse the Bethlehemite".[7]

The enmity of Saul

Prophet David, by Gentile da Fabriano.
Prophet David, by Gentile da Fabriano.

Saul makes David a commander over his armies and gives him his daughter Michal in marriage. David is successful in many battles, and the people say, "Saul has slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands." David's popularity awakens Saul's fears - "What more can he have but the kingdom?" - and by various stratagems the king seeks David's death. But the plots of the jealous king all proved futile, and only endeared the young hero the more to the people, and especially to Jonathan, Saul's son, one of those who love David. Warned by Jonathan of Saul's enmity, David flees into the wilderness.[8]

David is made king

Saul and Jonathan are killed in the battle with the Philistines, and David laments their death.[9] Then David goes up to Hebron, where he is anointed king over Judah, while in the north Saul's son Ish-bosheth is king over Israel.[10] War ensues between Ish-bosheth and David, and Ish-bosheth is assassinated. The assassins bring the head of Ish-bosheth to David hoping for reward, but David executes them for their crime.[11] Yet with the death of the son of Saul the elders of Israel come to Hebron, and David is anointed king of Israel. Upon these events he was 30 years old.[12]

King David

David conquers the Jebusite fortress of Jerusalem and makes it his capital, "and Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, also carpenters and masons who built David a house." [13]

David brings the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem, intending to build a temple.[14] But God, speaking to the prophet Nathan, forbids it, saying the temple must wait for a future generation. But God makes a covenant with David, promising that he will establish the house of David eternally: "Your throne shall be established forever."[15]

Then David establishes a mighty empire, conquering Zobah and Aram (modern Syria), Edom and Moab (roughly modern Jordan), the lands of the Philistines, and much more.[16]

Bathsheba and Uriah the Hittite

David and Bathsheba, by Lucas Cranach, 1526.
David and Bathsheba, by Lucas Cranach, 1526.

David lies with Bathsheba, "the wife of Uriah the Hittite", and Bathsheba becomes pregnant. David sends for Uriah, who is with the Israelite army at the siege of Rabbah, that he might lie with her and so conceal the identity of the child's father. But Uriah refuses to do so while his companions are in the field of battle. David then sends Uriah back to Joab the commander with a message instructing him to abandon Uriah on the battlefield, "that he may be struck down, and die." And so David marries Bathsheba and she bears his child, "but the thing that David had done displeased the Lord."[17]

The prophet Nathan speaks out against David's sin, saying: "Why have you despised the word of the Lord, to do what is evil in his sight? You have smitten Uriah the Hittite with the sword, and have taken his wife to be your wife." And although David repents, God kills the child as a punishment. ("And the Lord struck the child ... and it became sick ... [And] On the seventh day the child died.") David then leaves his lamentations, dresses himself, and eats. His servants ask why he lamented when the baby was alive, but leaves off when it is dead, and David replies: "While the child was still alive, I fasted and wept; for I said, 'Who knows whether the Lord will be gracious to me, that the child may live?' But now he is dead, why should I fast? Can I bring him back again? I shall go to him, but he will not return to me."[18]

Absalom

David’s beloved son Absalom rebels against his father. The armies of Absalom and David come to battle in the Wood of Ephraim, and Absalom is caught by his hair in the branches of an oak. David’s general Joab kills him as he hangs there. When the news of the victory is brought to David he does not rejoice, but is instead shaken with grief: “O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! Would I had died instead of you, O Absalom, my son, my son!”

The Psalms of David

David is described as the author of the majority of the Psalms of the Bible. One of the most famous is Psalm 51, traditionally said to have been composed by David after Nathan upbraided him over Bathsheba and Uriah. Perhaps the best-known is Psalm 23:

1 The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.
2 He maketh me to lie down in green pastures:
he leadeth me beside the still waters.
3 He restoreth my soul:
he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake.
4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death,
I will fear no evil: for thou art with me;
thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
5 Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies:
thou anointest my head with oil;
my cup runneth over.
6 Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life:
and I will dwell in the house of the LORD for ever."

Reign of David

"Thus David the son of Jesse reigned over all Israel. The time that he reigned over Israel was forty years; he reigned seven years in Hebron, and thirty-three years in Jerusalem. Then he died in a good old age, full of days, riches, and honor; and Solomon his son reigned in his stead."

David in later Abrahamic tradition

David in Judaism

In Judaism, David's reign represents the formation of a coherent Jewish kingdom with its political and religious capital in Jerusalem and the institution of a royal lineage that culminates in the Messianic Age. David's descent from a convert (Ruth) is taken as proof of the importance of converts within Judaism. That he was not allowed to build a permanent temple is taken as proof of the imperative of peace in affairs of state. David is also responsible for uniting the tribes of Israel as one people; before David they were a group of many tribes but David destroyed almost all separation of the individual tribes.

David is also viewed as a tragic figure; his inexcusable acquisition of Bathsheba, and the loss of his son are viewed as his central tragedies in Judaism.

David's sin is a fulfillment of God's own foretelling, through the judge Samuel, of what wont happen to the nation if it forsakes God as their king and instead takes a man from among them to be king. Note the repeated use of "[the king] will take" in 1 Samuel 8 as a warning to Israel regarding the oppressive entitlements of a human king. Forgetting how God chose him from his humble beginnings by looking at his heart (1 Samuel 16) and having become blind to God's provision throughout his life, David has bought into that sense of royal entitlement. As God had warned, David has learned to consider himself free to take and to abuse his authority for personal gain. This is subsequently brought to light when David is confronted by the prophet Nathan (2 Samuel 11,12). Nathan causes David to identify his own sin through the metaphor of a wealthy man (David) who robs from his poor neighbor (Uriah). As king, David's sin is, for the entire nation, an embodiment of the discontinuity between being the covenant people of God who rely on his provision and then acting out of entitlement and selfish self-reliance. This is a lesson which Israel and its future kings will repeatedly ignore, important because doing so eventually leads to the demise of the kingdom.

The moral transgressions of David - taking Uriah's wife and encompassing his death - caused distress to subsequent Jewish scholars, who attempted to absolve him of blame. Thus the Talmud, quoting a custom of divorce on the eve of battle to prevent the wives of the missing-in-action from becoming agunot, holds that Bathsheba was no longer Uriah's wife when David "lay with her". Furthermore, the Talmudic scholars argued, the death of Uriah was not tantamount to murder, as it was David's right as king to execute traitors to the throne, to which category Uriah belonged due to a technicality.[19]

David in Christianity

David's adaptation of the Jebusite Zion cult, "with its understanding of kingship as the ... presence of God on earth," led to Jerusalem's eventual status as the Jewish Holy City. Originally an earthly king ruling by divine appointment ("the anointed", as the title Messiah had it), the "son of David" became in the last two pre-Christian centuries the apocalyptic and heavenly "son of God" who would deliver Israel and usher in a new kingdom. "This was the matrix for the rise of Christianity. The new faith interpreted the career of Jesus by means of the titles and functions assigned to David in the mysticism of the Zion cult, in which he served as priest-king and in which he was the mediator between God and man."[20] Early Christians believed that the Hebrew scriptures prophesied that the Messiah would come from David's line, and the Gospels of Matthew and Luke therefore traced Jesus' lineage to David in fulfillment of this requirement. (See Genealogy of Jesus). David later became figurative of Christ himself, the slaying of Goliath being compared to the way Jesus defeated Satan[citation needed] when he died on the cross, or of the Christian believer. The Tree of Jesse is a subject in Christian art which depicts Jesus's descent from Jesse and David.

The Roman Catholic Church and Lutheran Church celebrate his feast day on December 29.

David in Islam

David is one of the prophets of Islam, to whom the Zabur (Psalms) were revealed by God. Muslims reject the Biblical portrayal of David as an adulterer and murderer. This is based on the Islamic belief in the righteousness of prophets.

Goliath appears in the Qur'an as Jalut, which is Arabic for Goliath; and like Judaism, Goliath's slayer is David. In Surah Baqarah / Chapter 2, ayah 251, the text quotes: "And David slew Goliath, and God gave him kingdom and wisdom, and taught him of what He pleased." David was in Saul's (Arabic:Talut's) army. "Talut" is understood to be a rendering of David's predecessor Saul in such a way that it would rhyme with "Jalut"[citation needed].

David in Mormonism

The Doctrine and Covenants of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints cites David as one directed by God to practice polygamy, but who sinned in committing adultery with Bathsheba:

"Verily, thus saith the Lord . . . David’s wives and concubines were given unto him of me, by the hand of Nathan, my servant, and others of the prophets who had the keys of this power; and in none of these things did he sin against me save in the case of Uriah and his wife; and, therefore he hath fallen from his exaltation."[21]

This clarifies the Mormon doctrine that polygamy is only allowed as directed by the Lord, otherwise it is a grievous sin.[22] The Church forbade polygamy in 1890, citing a revelation given to Wilford Woodruff at that time.[23] Other Davidic interpretations in Mormonism closely match traditional Christianity.

David in the Bahá'í Faith

In the Bahá'í faith, David is seen as a prophet during the dispensation of Moses. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Religion, is thought to be a distant descendant [4], although little is made of this relationship.

Historicity of David

See The Bible and history and dating the Bible for a more complete description of the general issues surrounding the Bible as a historical source.

The Tanakh itself is a library of many different sources. For that reason, researchers treat its accounts of past persons and events, as well as it references to them, as potentially valuable sources of historical data, but also as potentially flawed, exaggerated or mythical. The task of evaluating the historicity of David involves working between interpreted artifacts recovered in archeological digs and interpreted texts of biblical manuscripts received from tradition.

The most relevant biblical books are 1 and 2 Samuel, because they contain the earliest biblical account of almost David's entire career, followed in relevance by 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles. Among the Dead Sea Scrolls, the oldest scroll of a biblical book happens to be that of Samuel (that is, 1 and 2 Samuel). This scroll dates to about 225 BCE, and in turn, it is generally acknowledged to be a copy of an earlier scroll, but it is impossible to tell how far back the "lineage" of these scrolls extends. The Hebrew Bible places David's reign from around 1005 BCE until around 965 BCE and the end of the reign of the last king of the Davidic dynasty at 586 BCE. Thus the early sources are much closer to the purported events of David's lifetime than the present day, and yet they are still, as far as we can tell, centuries removed from that time. Some scholars of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries find oral tradition to be a means of conveying information that might have spanned a gap of unknown duration between the purported events and the writings that assert them.

Although at least one small portion of the Hebrew Bible from biblical times has been discovered in a dig (parts of the benediction in Numbers 6:24–26 on two silver scroll amulets recovered from a grave at Ketef Hinnom), it must be observed that each book of the Bible, having been handed down for generations by recopying, rather than having been excavated, is an example of a received text, a textus receptus. For this reason, the Biblical texts themselves need to be treated cautiously. They contain, for example, two different accounts that both seem to describe David's first meeting with Saul. In the first of these, Saul sends for David as one known for his skill on the lyre and makes him his armor-bearer, while in the second Saul first meets David when he defeats Goliath. Observations such as this serve to underline the likelihood that the narrative is drawn from numerous originally independent sources.

More fundamentally, the texts as they currently exist have been subject to revision and redaction over many centuries, notably during the reign of King Josiah of Judah at the end of the 7th century BCE. Many scholars think that Josiah (or rather the priests of the temple in Jerusalem) put forward the picture of David and Solomon as rulers over a united and far-flung early Hebrew kingdom in order to provide a rationale for his own plans for the conquest of the former kingdom of Israel, which had been abandoned by the Assyrians as that empire collapsed. Other scholars—and archaeologists, most notably William G. Dever—point to the similar architecture of the massive, fortified gates of several cities built in what would have been the home territory of David's and Solomon's united Kingdom of Israel as evidence that they were built by a powerful Hebrew king during the period that the Bible assigns to the reign of Solomon (compare 1 Kings 9:15-16). According to the Bible, David's realm for his first seven years as king was the territory of two Hebrew tribes in what later became the southern kingdom of Judah; after that, his realm came to include the territory of the ten Hebrew tribes in what later became the northern kingdom of Israel, and he transferred kingship over this United Kingdom to Solomon. Dever describes the architecture of the cities' gates and other evidences as "convergences" consistent with the biblical portrayal, rather than as direct proofs of the historical accuracy of the Bible ).[24]

Despite debates about particular biblical episodes within the reigns of various Hebrew kings, most biblical scholars regard the list of Hebrew kings contained in the books of Samuel and Kings, and repeated in Chronicles, as well-established and reliable. The consecutive reigns of these Hebrew kings, each of whom is explicitly named in the Bible, form the historical "backbone" of biblical chronology from ca. 1000 BCE to the end of the Hebrew monarchy in 586 BCE. They are confirmed at several points by extrabiblical inscriptions.[25]

Turning to sources outside of the Bible for the specific case of David, three inscriptions are either clearly or potentially relevant. The first is from an Aramean king, the second is from a Moabite king, and the third is from an Egyptian Pharaoh:

First, the famous Tel Dan Stele provides the only clear extra-Biblical evidence of King David's existence and status as the founder of a Hebrew dynasty. Dated to the period from the mid-9th to mid-8th centuries BC and erected by an Aramean king (probably the king of Damascus) to record a victory over Israel, the text says inter alia: "I killed [Achaz]yahu son of [Joram kin]g of the House of David." (The words and letters within square brackets have been supplied using biblical content.) While the reading has been questioned, it is accepted by a majority of scholars as confirming the existence in the 9th-8th centuries BCE of a line of kings claiming descent from a dynasty founder named David.

A second stele, the Moabite Stone or Mesha Stele, erected by a king of Moab in about 850 BCE, has also been read as containing the phrase "house of David." Because the phrase that is read "house of [D]avid" appears in a place where the stone is partly broken (the square brackets around the first D indicate that the letter is supplied) and for other reasons, this claim is accepted by some scholars but is ignored or rejected by others.

A third possible mention of King David is found in a standing monumental Egyptian inscription of Pharaoh Shoshenq I (called Shishaq in the Bible) that is dated to 924 BCE—only about forty years after David's death as calculated according to the books of Kings and Chronicles. David's name appears to be included within a place-name that appears among other place-names located in the territory later said to belong to the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. This particular place-name is Hadabiyat-Dawit, translated by Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen as "highland of David" or "heights of David," and it is located in the Negev region, where the Bible says that David hid as a fugitive from Saul for lengthy periods of time. Kitchen proposed the identification of the biblical David in this inscriptional place-name in 1997.[26]

In 2005, Israeli archaeologist Eilat Mazar, excavating in the most ancient portion of Jerusalem, which is called the City of David, in East Jerusalem uncovered an alleged King David's Palace site, but there is no reliable archaeological assessment currently available.

The strongest argument for the historicity of King David is the area of specific agreement between the Bible and the Tel Dan stele. The biblical books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles, all of which are received texts handed down by tradition over the course of some 2,000 years, possibly up to several centuries more, do have some points of agreement with the Tel Dan stele, which was carved in stone during the 9th or 8th centuries BC and then excavated in fragmentary form during 1993 and 1994. The biblical content presents David as a Hebrew king who founded a dynasty called "the house of David" (in Isaiah 7:13, etc.) that lasted more than four centuries. The Tel Dan stele presents David as a king, most likely a Hebrew, and the founder of a dynasty called "the house of David." At the time the stele was carved, this dynasty had thus far lasted approximately one or two centuries.

The weakest point of the above argument arises from the fact that the Tel Dan stele is in a fragmented condition. The problem is that the join between the two main fragments, which is at a place in the broken part of the stone below the smooth writing surface, is not a tight fit, but rather is somewhat loose and is disputed. If the fragments were not originally aligned side by side, as possibly indicated by the loose fit, but instead were an upper and a lower portion of the original inscription, then the narrative flow of the inscription would be broken up much more than with a side-by-side arrangement. The result would be that even though the letters that are read "the house of David" remain intact, much of the rest of the inscription's pieced-together meaning in the side-by-side arrangement would not be present. (See, for example, George Athas' translation of an arrangement that is not side-by-side, but rather vertical.[27]

A somewhat different but related question has to do not with the historicity of King David, that is, whether he existed, but rather with the many episodes and details of the biblical presentation of him. The problem is that the area of agreement between the biblical content and the Tel Dan stele, though recognized by the majority of Bible scholars, is tiny compared with the great amount of material about David in the Bible. The stele does not provide any information as to whether the David of the stele was the son of Jesse, "the sweet psalmist of Israel," the shepherd who defeated Goliath, etc. The stele does not verify these things; it only provides supporting evidence of David's existence and status as the king who founded a long-lasting, most likely Hebrew dynasty. On the other hand, extant inscriptions of this era simply do not contain detailed information about the lives of members of societies which are foreign to the writer, so one cannot realistically expect to find inscriptional corroboration of biblical details of the life of any Hebrew person in a foreign inscription—or vice versa—from the period of the Hebrew monarchies.

The question of whether the biblical portrayal of David and his successors amounts to royal propaganda must take into consideration the prophetic rebukes of the monarchs of Israel and Judah in the books of 1-2 Samuel and 1-2 Kings. The standard commentary by Cogan and Tadmor finds that the author of Kings "leveled severe criticism at the conduct of every monarch of Israel and most of those of Judah" for leading their kingdoms into disobedience, resulting in the ultimate defeat and exile of both Hebrew kingdoms (Mordecai Cogan and Hayim Tadmor, II Kings, The Anchor Bible [New York: Doubleday, 1988], p. 3).

David's family

The Death of Absalom (engraving from the Doré Bible).
The Death of Absalom (engraving from the Doré Bible).

David's father was Jesse, the son of Obed, son of Boaz of the tribe of Judah and Ruth the Moabite, whose story is told at length in the Book of Ruth. David's lineage is fully documented in Ruth 4:18-22, (the "Pharez" that heads the line is Judah's son, Genesis 38:29).

David had eight wives, although he appears to have had children from other women as well:

In his old age he took the beautiful Abishag into his bed for health reasons, "but the king knew her not (intimately)" (1 Kings 1:1-4).

As given in 1 Chronicles 3, David had sons by various wives and concubines; their names are not given in Chronicles. By Bathsheba, his sons were:

His sons born in Hebron by other mothers included:

His sons born in Jerusalem by other mothers included:

According to 2 Chronicles 11:18, another son was born to David who is not mentioned in any of the genealogies:

David also had at least one daughter, Tamar, progeny of David and Maachah and the full sister of Absalom who is later raped by her brother Amnon

Claimed descendants of David

A number of persons have claimed descent from the Biblical David, or had it claimed on their behalf. The following are some of the more notable:

Representation in art and literature

David, Michelangelo, 1500-1504.
David, Michelangelo, 1500-1504.

Art

Famous sculptures of David include (in chronological order) those by:

Literature

Elmer Davis's 1928 novel Giant Killer retells and embellishes the Biblical story of DAVID, casting David as primarily a poet who managed always to find others to do the "dirty work" of heroism and kingship. In the novel, Elhanan in fact killed Goliath but David claimed the credit; and Joab, David's cousin and general, took it upon himself to make many of the difficult decisions of war and statecraft when David vacillated or wrote poetry instead.

Gladys Schmitt wrote a novel titled "David the King" in 1946 which proceeds as a richly embellished biography of David's entire life. The book took a risk, especially for its time, in portraying David's relationship with Jonathan as overtly homoerotic, but was ultimately panned by critics as a bland rendition of the title character.

In Thomas Burnett Swann's Biblical fantasy novel How are the Mighty Fallen (1974) David and Jonathan are explicitly stated to be lovers. Moreover, Jonathan is a member of a winged semi-human race (possibly nephilim), one of several such races co-existing with humanity but often persecuted by it.

Joseph Heller, the author of Catch-22, also wrote a novel based on David, God Knows. Told from the perspective of an aging David, the humanity — rather than the heroism — of various biblical characters are emphasized. The portrayal of David as a man of flaws such as greed, lust, selfishness, and his alienation from God, the falling apart of his family is a distinctly 20th century interpretation of the events told in the Bible.

Juan Bosch, Dominican political leader and writer, wrote "David: Biography of a King" (1966) a realistic approach to David's life and political career.

Allan Massie wrote "King David" (1995), a novel about David's career which portrays the king's relationship to Jonathan and others as openly homosexual.

Film

Gregory Peck, played King David in the 1951 film David and Bathsheba, directed by Henry King. Susan Hayward played Bathsheba and Raymond Massey played the prophet Nathan.

Richard Gere portrayed King David in the 1985 film King David directed by Bruce Beresford.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Notes

(Note:Online Bible references are to the Revised Standard Version)

  1. ^ 1st Samuel
  2. ^ 2nd Samuel
  3. ^ 1st Kings
  4. ^ 2nd Kings
  5. ^ 1 Samuel 16:1-14
  6. ^ 1 Samuel 16:14-23
  7. ^ 1 Samuel 17
  8. ^ 1 Samuel 18 and subsequent chapters of 1 Samuel.
  9. ^ 2 Samuel 1; the death of Saul and Jonathan is described in the closing chapter of 1 Samuel.
  10. ^ 2 Samuel 2:1-10
  11. ^ 2 Samuel 4
  12. ^ 2 Samuel 5
  13. ^ 2 Samuel 5
  14. ^ 2 Samuel 6
  15. ^ 2 Samuel 7
  16. ^ 2 Samuel 8 and subsequent chapters.
  17. ^ 2 Samuel 11
  18. ^ 2 Samuel 12
  19. ^ Talmud Bavli, Tractate Shabbat 56a
  20. ^ Online Encyclopedia Britannica, article "David"
  21. ^ [1] (see highlighted portions)
  22. ^ (See vs 28-30 in [2].
  23. ^ [3]
  24. ^ William G. Dever, What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2001).
  25. ^ For a list of these points, see Gershon Galil, The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah (New York: Brill, 1996), pp. 153–154.
  26. ^ On this inscription, see K. A. Kitchen, "A Possible Mention of David in the Late Tenth Century B.C.E., and Deity *Dod as Dead as the Dodo?" Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 76 (1997): 29–44, especially 39–41.
  27. ^ George Athas, The Tel Dan Inscription: A Reappraisal and a New Interpretation [Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2003], pp. 193-194.

References

External links

References to Daud (David) in the Qur'an

Portal:Saints
 Saints Portal
House of David
Cadet Branch of the Tribe of Judah
New Title
Rebellion from Israel		 King of Judah
Albright: c.1000 BC
Galil: c.1010 BC – 1008 BC		 Succeeded by
Solomon
Preceded by
Ish-bosheth		 King of the united kingdom
of Israel and Judah
Albright: c.1000 BC – 962 BC
Galil: c.1008 BC – 970 BC
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament's Genealogy from Adam to David
v • d • e
Creation to Flood Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem
Origin of the Patriarchs Arpachshad Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob
Nationhood to Kingship Judah Pharez Hezron Aram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David


Prophets of Islam in the Qur'an
Adam Idris Nuh Hud Saleh Ibrahim Lut Ismail Is'haq Yaqub Yusuf Ayub
آدم ادريس نوح هود صالح إبراهيم لوط اسماعيل اسحاق يعقوب يوسف أيوب
Adam Enoch Noah Eber Shelah Abraham Lot Ishmael Isaac Jacob Joseph Job
Shoaib Musa Harun Dhul-Kifl Daud Sulayman Ilyas Al-Yasa Yunus Zakariya Yahya Isa Muhammad
شعيب موسى هارون ذو الكفل داود سليمان إلياس اليسع يونس زكريا يحيى عيسى محمد
Jethro Moses Aaron Ezekiel David Solomon Elijah Elisha Jonah Zechariah John Jesus
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