Daniel Burnham
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| Daniel Burnham | |
|---|---|
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| Born | September 4, 1846 |
| Died | June 1, 1912 |
| Occupation | Architect and Urban Planner |
Daniel Hudson Burnham (September 4, 1846 - June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban planner. He was the Director of Works for the World's Columbian Exposition and designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building in New York City and Union Station in Washington D.C.
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[edit] Biography
Burnham was born in Henderson, New York and raised in Chicago, Illinois. His parents brought him up under the teachings of the Swedenborgian Church of New Jerusalem[1], which ingrained in him the strong belief that man should strive to be of service to others. After failing admissions tests for both Harvard and Yale, and an unsuccessful stint at politics, Burnham apprenticed as a draftsman under William LeBaron Jenney. At age 26, Burnham moved on to the Chicago offices of Carter, Drake, and Wright, where he met future business partner John Wellborn Root (1850-1891).
Burnham and Root were the architects of one of the first American skyscrapers; the Masonic Temple Building[2] in Chicago. Measuring 21 stories and 302 feet, the Temple held claims as the tallest building of its time, but was torn down in 1939. Under the design influence of Root, the firm had produced modern buildings as part of the Chicago School. Following Root’s premature death at the hands of pneumonia in 1891, the firm became known as D.H. Burnham and Co.
[edit] World's Columbian Exposition
Burnham and Root had accepted responsibility to oversee construction of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago’s then-desolate Jackson Park on the south lakefront. The largest world's fair to that date (1893), it celebrated the 400-year anniversary of Christopher Columbus' famous voyage. After Root's death, a team of distinguished American architects and landscape architects, including Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, Charles McKim and Louis Sullivan, radically changed Root's modern and colorful style to a Classical Revival style. Under Burnham's direction, the construction of the Fair overcame huge financial and logistical hurdles, including a worldwide financial panic and an extremely tight timeframe, to open on time.
Considered the first example of a comprehensive planning document in the nation, the fairground was complete with grand boulevards, classical building facades, and lush gardens. Often called the "White City", it popularized neoclassical architecture in a monumental and rational Beaux-Arts plan. The remaining population of architects in the U.S. was soon asked by clients to incorporate similar elements into their designs.
[edit] City Planning & the Plan of Chicago
Beginning in 1906 and published in 1909, Burnham and assistant Edward H. Bennett prepared The Plan of Chicago, which laid out plans for the future of the city. It was the first comprehensive plan for the controlled growth of an American city; an outgrowth of the City Beautiful movement. The plan included ambitious proposals for the lakefront and river and declared that every citizen should be within walking distance of a park. Sponsored by the Commercial Club of Chicago[3], Burnham donated his services in hopes of furthering his own cause.
Plans and conceptual designs of the south lakefront[4] from the Exposition came in handy, as he envisioned Chicago being a "Paris on the Prairie". French inspired public works constructions, fountains, and boulevards radiating from a central, domed municipal palace became Chicago's new backdrop. The plan set the standard for urban design, anticipating future need to control unexpected urban growth.
City planning projects did not stop at Chicago though; Burnham helped shape cities such as Cleveland (the Group Plan), San Francisco, Washington, DC (the McMillan Plan), and Manila and Baguio in the Philippines, details of which appear in The Chicago Plan publication of 1909.
Much of his career work modeled the classical style of Greece and Rome. In his 1924 autobiography, Louis Sullivan, considered by many to be the greatest architect from the Chicago School, chastised the late Burnham for his lack of original expression and dependence on Classicism. Sullivan claimed the neoclassical example of the World's Fair had "set back architecture fifty years" -- corporate America thought differently.
Burnham was quoted as saying, "Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men's blood and probably will not themselves be realized." (Moore-1921) This slogan has been taken to capture the essence of Burnham's spirit.
A man of influence, Burnham was considered the preeminant architect in America at the turn of the twentieth century. He held many positions during his lifetime, including two-time president of the American Institute of Architects[5]. In 1912, when he died in Heidelberg, Germany, D.H. Burnham and Co. was the world's largest architectural firm. Legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright eulogized, "(Burnham) made masterful use of the methods and men of his time... (as) an enthusiastic promoter of great construction enterprises... his powerful personality was supreme." His firm continues its work today under the name Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, which it adopted in 1917.
Almost as a tribute to his urban planning ethos, Burnham's final resting spot is given special attention, being located on the only island in Uptown, Chicago's park-like Graceland Cemetery. Burnham's personal and professional papers are held in the Ryerson and Burnham Archives at The Art Institute of Chicago.
[edit] Notable commissions
[edit] Chicago
- Union Stock Yard Gate
- Kent House
- Rookery Building
- Monadnock Building (northern half)
- Reliance Building
- Fisher Building
- Heyworth Building
[edit] Washington, D.C.
[edit] Others
- Flatiron Building New York City
- Columbus Union Station of 1897
- Pennsylvania Union Station Pittsburgh
- Henry W. Oliver Building 1910 Pittsburgh
- Dime Building (Detroit, Michigan)
- Ford Building (Detroit, Michigan)
- Wyandotte Building Columbus, Ohio)
- Pennsylvania Railroad Station (Richmond, Indiana)
- The Group Plan (Cleveland 1903) with Arnold Brunner and John Carrère
[edit] Print references
- Moore, Charles (1921). "XXV "Closing in 1911-1912"", Daniel H. Burnham, Architect, Planner of Cities, Volume 2. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin, 1921.
- Larson, Erik (February 2003). The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic and Madness at the Fair that Changed America. New York, New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-609-60844-4.
- Burnham, Daniel H., and Edward H. Bennett, Plan of Chicago, the Commercial Club, Chicago MCMIX
[edit] Web References
- Daniel Burnham. Chicago Landmarks. Retrieved on September 21, 2004.
- Daniel Hudson Burnham. Chicago Stories. Retrieved on September 24, 2004.
- Jameson, D. Daniel Hudson Burnham. Artists Represented. Retrieved on December 14, 2005.
- Today In History: September 4. American Memory. The Library of Congress. Retrieved on September 24, 2004.
[edit] External links
