Cut, copy and paste
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In human-computer interaction, cut and paste or copy and paste is a user interface paradigm for transferring text, data, files or objects from a source to a destination. Most ubiquitous is the ability to cut and paste sections of plain text. This paradigm is closely associated with graphical user interfaces that use pointing devices.
The term cut and paste derives from the traditional practice in manuscript editing in which paragraphs were literally cut from a page with scissors and physically pasted onto another page. This was standard practice as late as the 1960s. Editing scissors with blades long enough to cut an 8-1/2"-wide page were available at stationery stores. The advent of photocopiers made the practice easier and more flexible.
The cut-and-paste paradigm was widely popularized by Apple in the Lisa (1981) and Macintosh (1984) operating systems and applications. It was mapped to a key combination consisting of a special modifier key held down while typing the letters X (for cut), C (for copy), and V (for paste). These key combinations were later adopted by Microsoft in Windows. Common User Access (in Windows and OS/2) also uses combinations of the Insert, Del, Shift and Control keys. Some environments allow cutting and pasting with a computer mouse (by drag and drop, for example).
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[edit] History
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Cut and paste was first invented by Lawrence G. Tesler (Larry Tesler) while working at Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 1974-1975 [1].
[edit] Cut and paste
Cut and paste are very frequently performed operations. It is customary to provide several methods for performing them, such as a key combination, a pulldown menu, and a toolbar button.
- The text to be moved is selected by some method, typically by dragging over the text with the pointing device or holding down the Shift key while using the arrow keys to move the text cursor.
- A cut operation is performed by key combination, menu, or other means.
- The visible effect of the cut is to remove the text immediately from its location.
- Conceptually, the text has been moved to a location often called the clipboard. The clipboard is typically invisible. On most systems there is only one location in the clipboard, hence another cut operation overwrites the previously stored information. Multiple clipboard entries are provided by many UNIX text editors and some Windows clipboard manager programs that are available over the Internet.
- A location for insertion is selected by some method, typically by clicking at the desired insertion point.
- A paste operation is performed which visibly inserts the clipboard text at the insertion point.
- The paste operation is nondestructive; the text remains in the clipboard and additional copies can be inserted at other points.
Whereas cut and paste is usually done with a mouse on Windows-like environment, it may also sometimes be done entirely from the keyboard, especially in UNIX text editors, such as Pico or vi. The most common kind of cutting and pasting without a mouse involves the entire current line, but it may also involve text after the cursor until the end of the line and other more sophisticated operations.
When cut and paste are provided, a nondestructive operation called copy is usually provided as well; copy places a copy of the selected text in the clipboard without removing it from its original location.
The clipboard is usually not displayed, because the operations of cutting and pasting, while actually independent, are usually performed in quick succession, and the user (usually) needs no assistance in understanding the operation or maintaining mental context.
[edit] Copy and paste
Copy-and-paste refers to the popular, simple method of reproducing text or other data from a source to a destination, which is different from cut and paste in that the original source text or data is not deleted or removed as it is with the later process.
Copying is often performed in graphical user interface systems by using the key combinations Ctrl+C (used for killing the running process in UNIX terminals) or Ctrl+Insert (the latter being more widely supported), or by using some other method, such as a context menu or a toolbar button. Once data have been copied into the area of memory referred to as the clipboard, they may be pasted into a destination using the key combinations Ctrl+V or Shift+Insert, or other methods dependent on the system. Macintosh computers use the key combinations ⌘C and ⌘V. The X Window System maintains an additional clipboard containing any currently selected text; middle-clicking pastes the content of this "selection" clipboard.
The popularity of this method stems from its simplicity and the ease with which data can be moved between various applications without resorting to permanent storage.
[edit] Additional differences between moving and copying
In a spreadsheet moving (cut and paste) need not be the same as copying (copy and paste), and deleting the original: when moving, references to the moved cells may move accordingly.
[edit] Comparison to verb-object paradigm
As of 2005, the cut-and-paste paradigm is so universal as to be taken for granted, and it may be instructive to compare a competing paradigm, popular in some early, highly successful applications that were known for ease of use by the standards of the day.
- Initially, no text is selected.
- The user initiates the operation by selecting a move command in some manner.
- The system displays a prompt such as "Move what?"
- The system enters a modal state in which the only actions available to the user are either to select text or cancel the move operation.
- The user selects the text in some manner.
- The system displays a prompt "To where?"
- The system enters a modal state in which the only actions available to the user are either to indicate an insertion point or cancel the move operation.
- The user indicates the insertion point and confirms the move operation.
- The effects of the move are displayed.
[edit] Multiple clipboards
The first multiple clipboard utility CopyPaste appeared on the Macintosh in 1989 and extended the keyboard concept for each clipboard so that holding down the command key + c + any number (0-9) would copy to a separate clipboard. CopyPaste later displayed and allowed editing hundreds of clipboards and added a clipboard recorder or stack of the most recently made cuts or copies.
