Cure of souls
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In some denominations of Christianity, the cure of souls (Latin cura animarum), an archaic translation which is better rendered today as "care of souls," is the exercise by a priest of his or her office. This typically embraces instruction, by sermons and admonitions, and administration of sacraments, to the congregation over which they have authority from the church. In Countries where the Catholic Church acted as the National Church, the "Cure" was not only over a congregation or congregations, but over a district. The assignment of a Priest to a district sub dividing a diocese, was a process begun in the 4th Century A.D. The term Parish as applied to this district comes from the Greek word for district; "πάρоίκίά".
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[edit] Curates, Rectors, Vicars, and Perpetual Curates
The person invested with the care, or cure (cura), of souls of a parish is known as a ‘Curate’ from the Latin curatus (compare Curator). In this sense, it technically means a parish priest. However, in the Anglican Church it has come to mean an assistant priest or deacon, and in the Catholic Church it is often the term used for the parochial vicar or priest assigned to assist the pastor of a parish.
Originally, a bishop would entrust a priest with the 'cure of souls' (pastoral ministry) of a parish. When, in medieval Europe, this included the legal freehold of church land in the parish, the parish priest was the perpetual curate (curatus perpetuus). Occasionally, a bishop might appoint a temporary or assistant curate (curatus temporalis). This was particularly the case when the perpetual curate was absent or needed assistance.
As the church became more embedded into the fabric of feudal Europe, various other titles often supplanted 'curate' for the senior parish priest. 'Rector' was the title given to a Priest in possession of the tithe income. This right to the income, was known as a ‘Living’. The title of Rector comes from “regere” – ‘to rule’.
Those Parishes where a Monastery had appropriated the rights to the title income, a portion of this income was set aside for a priest to occupy the Parish, essentially acting on behalf of the Monastery, in other words vicariously – hence ‘Vicar’. In some cases, a portion of a tithe for a Vicar could exceed the income of some Rectors, depending on the value of the Livings being compared.
In England and Wales, when a new Parish was created from a larger Rectoral or Vicarious Parish, the Incumbent, or Parish Priest was styled a “Perpetual Curate”.
The term 'parson' came to be used to refer to all perpetual curates whether or not they received the higher titles of 'vicar' or 'rector'. This led to those perpetual curates who had no higher title preferring to be styled 'parson' so as to distinguish themselves from assistant curates. This happened to the extent that the term 'curate' came to mean exactly 'assistant curate'. The British Parliament passed an act in 1868 that authorised all perpetual curates to use the title 'vicar', which reinforced the notion that a curate is an assistant parish priest or deacon.
[edit] Assistant Curates
Although widely called 'curates', however, they are still legally assistant curates. This English usage is used throughout the Anglican Communion and in some English-speaking Roman Catholic churches. The house provided for an assistant curate is colloquially referred to as a curatage.
Often, temporary curates, who have the status of assistant curates but lead the ministry of a parish, are appointed. However, to distinguish them from assistant curates, they are often referred to as priests in charge. In the Church of Ireland, temporary curates are called bishop's curates.
The Book of Common Prayer (1662) of the Church of England refers to the clergy as bishops and curates in the text of prayer of intercession for Holy Communion. It uses the word 'curate' in its original sense to refer to all clergy entrusted with a cure of souls, and not to assistant curates.
In other languages, terms derived from curatus are often used differently. In French, curé refers to the senior parish priest, and likewise the Italian curato and Spanish cura.
In the charismatic and/or evangelical part of the Anglican church, the role of the curate is usually perceived a little differently. Curates in charismatic and/or evangelical churches tend to be seen as an assistant leader to the overall leader, often in a larger team of pastoral leaders. Many of the larger charismatic/evangelical churches have sizeable staff teams with a number of pastoral leaders, some who are ordained and others who are not.
In modern Catholic practice in the United States, "curate" is the term popularly used for priests assigned to a parish who are not the pastor. The parochus, or "parish priest," or "pastor" is the priest who has canonical responsibility for the parish. In Canon Law, he may be assisted by one or more "parochial vicars," priests assigned to assist him -- though incorrect, these parochial vicars are popularly called "curate," "associate pastor," or "assistant pastor" in various regions of the country.
[edit] Priesthood and Gender
This article has assumed with the alternatives his or her that Priests can be of either sex.
This is only the position of those Protestant Churches which have retained the historic title of Priest, but have broken with the Western Church in the 16th century during the period known as the Reformation. The ancient Churches, the Western Catholic Church under the leadership of the Bishop of Rome, and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, forming the majority of Christendom have maintained the position of the early Church. For a fuller discussion on this issue, see the Ordination of women.
