Cucking stool
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Ducking-stools and cucking-stools are chairs formerly used for punishment. They were both instruments of social humiliation/censure, primarily for the offence of scolding or back biting, and less often for sexual offences like having an illegitimate child or prostitution. They were technological devices which formed part of the wider method of law enforcement through social humiliation. A common alternative was a court order to recite one’s crimes or sins after Mass or in the market place on market day, or informal action such as a skimmington ride.
They were usually of local manufacture with no standard design. Most were simply chairs into which the victim could be tied and exposed at her door or the site of her offence. Some were on wheels like a tumbrel that could be dragged around the parish. Some were put on poles so that they could be plunged into water, hence ducking stool. The equivalents for men were the stocks, although these were not gender specific.
There does seem to have been a difference in usage between a ducking stool and a cucking stool. Although both were primarily forms of public exposure and humiliation, the cucking stool seems to have involved no water, with the victim raised up in the air on show.
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[edit] Cucking-stools
A ballad, dating from about 1615, called `The Cucking of a Scold', illustrates the punishment:
- Then was the Scold herself,
- In a wheelbarrow brought,
- Stripped naked to the smock,
- As in that case she ought:
- Neats tongues about her neck
- Were hung in open show;
- And thus unto the cucking stool
- This famous scold did go.[1]
The cucking-stool or Stool of Repentance, has a long history, and was used by the Saxons, who called it the scealding or scolding stool. It is mentioned in Domesday Book as being in use at Chester, being called cathedra stercoris, a name which seems to confirm the first of the derivations suggested in the footnote below. Tied to this stool the woman—her head and feet bare—was publicly exposed at her door or paraded through the streets amidst the jeers of the crowd.
The term cucking-stool is known to have been in use from about 1215. It means literally "defecation chair", as its name is derived from the old verb cukken which means "to defecate", rather than, as popularly believed, from the word cuckold. Commodes or chamber pots were often used as cucking-stools, hence the name.
The cucking-stool could be used for both sexes - indeed, unruly married couples were occasionally bound back-to-back and ducked (dunked). The device was most commonly used for the punishment of dishonest brewers and bakers.
Both seem have to become more common in the second half of the sixteenth century. It has been suggested {Underdown link} this reflected developing strains in gender relations, but it may simply be a result of the differential survival of records. The cucking-stool appears to have still been in use as late as the mid-18th century, with Poor Robin's Almanack of 1746 observing:
- Now, if one cucking-stool was for each scold,
- Some towns, I fear, would not their numbers hold.
[edit] Ducking-stools
The ducking-stool was a strongly made wooden armchair (the surviving specimens are of oak) in which the culprit was seated, an iron band being placed around her so that she should not fall out during her immersion. The earliest record of the use of such is towards the beginning of the 17th century, with the term being first attested in English in 1597. It was used both in Europe and in the English colonies of North America.
Usually the chair was fastened to a long wooden beam fixed as a seesaw on the edge of a pond or river. Sometimes, however, the ducking-stool was not a fixture but was mounted on a pair of wooden wheels so that it could be wheeled through the streets, and at the river-edge was hung by a chain from the end of a beam. In sentencing a woman the magistrates ordered the number of duckings she should have. Yet another type of ducking-stool was called a tumbrel. It was a chair on two wheels with two long shafts fixed to the axles. This was pushed into the pond and then the shafts released, thus tipping the chair up backwards. Sometimes the punishment proved fatal, the unfortunate woman dying of shock.
The last recorded cases are those of a Mrs. Ganble at Plymouth (1808); Jenny Pipes, a notorious scold (1809), and Sarah Leeke (1817), both of Leominster. In the last case the water in the pond was so low that the victim was merely wheeled round the town in the chair.
[edit] Fiction
Ducking stools have appeared occasionally in film and television, such as in Babes in Toyland, and Doctor Who (The Highlanders, Episode 3).
[edit] References
- W. Andrews, Old Time Punishments (Hull, 1890)
- A. M. Earle, Curious Punishments of Bygone Days (Chicago, 1896)
- W. C. Hazlitt, Faiths and Folklore (London, 1905)
- Llewellynn Jewitt in The Reliquary, vols. i. and ii. (1860-1862)
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- David Underdown, ‘The Taming of the Scold: Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England’, in A. Fletcher and J. Stephenson (eds), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England, Cambridge, 1985.
