Crownsville Hospital Center
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[edit] Crownsville Hospital Center, Crownsville, Maryland. (Closed)
Crownsville Hospital Center was created by an act of the Maryland General Assembly on 11 April 1910 as "the Hospital for the Negro Insane of Maryland". This act specified that the Hospital should not be located in Baltimore City. On 13 Dec., 1910 the Board of Managers purchased farm land located at Crownsville, Maryland for the sum of $19000. This had been a willow and tobacco farm. On 23 May 1910 Dr. Robert Winterode was made Superintendent. This hospital was founded following a 1908 report of "The Maryland State Lunacy Commission" which stated: "It is with a feeling of shame and humiliation that the conditions which exist in the State among the negro insane are chronicled and known to the public. Righteous indignation cannot help being aroused when one sees or reads of the most horrible cruelties being practiced upon these unfortunates.... The most urgent need at this time is a hospital for the negro insane of Maryland...."
As early as 1899 the Maryland Lunacy Commission in its Annual Report stated "At present there are no negro insane at the second hospital (Springfield) and the comparatively small number at Spring Grove is a distinct embarrassment to the institution." Again in its 1900 report it stated: "The condition of the negro insane at Montevue Hospital at Frederick is shameful and should at once be remedied. The beasts of the field are better cared for than the poor negroes at Montevue."
The first group of 12 patients arrived at Crownsville on 13 March 1911. Patients lived in a work camp located in a willow curing house adjacent to one of the willow ponds. Dr. Winterode worked with them to prepare roads and to harvest the tobacco and willow crops on the property. Additional patients were transferred in July and Sept. 1911. Construction started on the first large building, A Building in Oct., 1912. Within a short time smallpox and scarlet fever struck the patients. Water quality was a problem in those early years. Tuberculosis was a constant threat and is mentioned in the annual reports of those early years because there was no real provision for the isolation of the patients except in the summer months when there was a temporary open building for them. On 29 Oct. 1915, two hundred Baltimore City patients were transferred from Bay View (now Johns Hopkins Hospital). This transfer was made in five special railway cars.
In 1920 with a patient census of 521 there were two physicians including the superintendent. There were also 17 nurses and attendants, 1 social worker and 18 other help. Therapies initially included hydrotherapy and sedatives. In the 1930s insulin shock was introduced. Malaria treatment in which patients were infected with malaria pathogins was begun in 1942. As many as twenty patients at a time were inoculated.
During the years when lobotomies were a common procedure Dr. Morgenstern, the Crownsville Superintendent was opposed to them. In his 1950 Annual Report he said that Crownsville has "very few lobotomies." He also expressed his opposition to the trend "to rely upon this operation to make the institutional case more manageable."
According to a Jan., 1947 report on medical care in Maryland, the normal occupancy of private and public mental hospital beds was 7453. Of these only Crownsville had African American patients in its 1044 occupied beds as of August 1946. Hospital conditions deteriorated markedly in the 1940s due to overcrowding and staff shortages. The Baltimore Sun paper's articles on Maryland's mental health system were published in 1948-1949 under the title "MARYLAND'S SHAME'. Following are statements from the articles relating to Crownsville: "More than 1800 men, women and children are herded into its buildings meant for not more than 1100" "Crownsville is also the dumping ground for feeble minded negro children and epileptics." "The children's buildings are among the most crowded in the institution." "One hundred and fifteen girls spend most of their days in a single, long bare play room with virtually nothing to play with." "There are so few attendants that the older girls have to carry the helpless ones bodily to and from meals." "Not one of the more than 200 boys and girls at Crownsville is getting any formal schooling at all." "Some of the epileptics lie all day on the bare floor."
In 1929 there were 55 discharges from Crownsville but 92 deaths. The census began to rise dramtically until it peaked in 1955 at 2719 patients. The staff of Crownsville Hospital had been all white until 1948. Through the 1940s the NAACP had advocated for the hiring of African-American staff but encountered resistance from the Commissioner of Mental Hygiene. Finally in 1948 the new superintendent of Crownsville hired the first African-American staff. Gwendolyn Lee was hired in the Social Work Department and Vernon Sparks was hired in the Psychology Department. The Crownsville Superintendent still was not permitted to hire African -American staff in direct care positions. This would not happen until 1954. By 1959 45% of Crownsville's staff was African-American in contrast to 6%-8% in the other large state mental hospitals. The adolescent patient population was integrated in 1962 and the adult population in 1964. An earlier integration attempt had been made in 1954 when the Crownsville Superintendent transferred 15 children ages 2-6 years from Crownsville to the all white Rosewood State Training School. The Superintendent of Crownsville was threatened with a reprimand by the Commissioner of Mental Health and resigned later in the year.
Industrial therapy(unpaid work)was an important part of life at Crownsville. In the Spring of 1958 more than 600 patients had work assignments in more than 55 placements which included "dental assistant", "receptionist", "librarian" and "hospital aide". Work was considered to be part of therapy and "patients unable or unwilling to participate were considered too ill to enjoy the privilege of freedom of the grounds." Staff shortages were always a problem.
In 1953 the Superintendent, Dr. Eichert, reported that in "A" Building there were 560 patients and four attendants in the evening and four in the day. In the Baltimore Sunpaper of June 1953 there was given a description of the "old ward for highly disturbed women": "Here are truly the creatures of the dark. The sickest ones are kept in a room as forbidding as a dungeon, where they live in a state of odorous untidiness, many of them refusing to wear clothes.Twice a day a bucket and two cups are brought to the door, to give the inmates a drink. There are 78 patients here and 28 beds. These and other patients on the same floor-a total of 96-have the use of three toilets, three wash basins and one tub.They cannot be bathed daily because it was explained, hot water is not available every day."
In 1964 the first African-American Superintendent was appointed. He established a day treatment program and a school mental health outreach program in addition to supporting the mental health clinics in Baltimore and the Southern Maryland Counties. Patients in Crownsville clinics were given free medication. There were established training programs in psychiatry, psychology, social work, dance therapy and pastoral counseling.Crownsville had an active foreign students' program for those in medicine, social work and psychology. In the ten years prior to its closing it hosted students from Israel, Ireland, Spain, Germany, Turkey and Chile. The Hospital also trained Spanish speaking therapists when that need was identified.
The Hospital staff was well known for its outspoken resistance to the pressures to place patients in public shelters with the resulting "dumping" of patients onto the streets and into the jails. Improvements in psychiatric treatment, rigid admission policies and better funding of outpatient treatment and residential services resulted in the hospital's census declining to 200 patients by the year 2000. The Hospital grounds became the central county site for many social, school and health programs. Crownsville Hospital was closed in July 2004. Those patients in need of further psychiatric hospitalization were transferred to two of Maryland's remaining hospitals. Crownsville is located near Annapolis, Maryland. Its original buildings are still standing and today portions of the campus are occupied by various tenants. The site is also the location of Crownsville Hospital's patient cemetery. This historic site was rededicated in 2004. Approximately 1600 patients are buried in graves marked by numbers only with the more recent having patient names. Information on Crownsville Hospital can be found in the Maryland State Archives Collections. Reference materials from the Hospital, the Auxiliary, Paul Lurz and Doris Morgenstern Wachsler. Also check the Museum Online website of the Maryland State Archives. An additional reference is an article by Vanessa Jackson, "Separate and Unequal: The Legacy of Racially Segregated Psychiatric Hospitals..." at http://www.healingcircles.org/wst_page5.html. Photos of Crownsville taken after the 2004 closing can be found at http://www.forgottenphotography.com/crownsville. Additional photos taken after the closing can be found at http://www.mdhistpics.net/ Click on historic photos, then the date: May 5 2005 then Crownsville.Also see Washington Post article at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/11/AR2005081101821_pf.html
