Cowra breakout
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During World War II, a prisoner of war (POW) camp near the town of Cowra in New South Wales, Australia was the site of one of the largest prison escapes of the war, on 5 August 1944. (See: Large escapes during World War II.) At least 545 Japanese POWs escaped, or attempted to escape, from the camp.
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[edit] The camp
Cowra, in a farming district about 300km west of Sydney, was the town nearest to No. 12 Prisoner of War Compound, a major POW camp, where 4,000 Axis military personnel and civilians were detained. The prisoners at Cowra also included Italians, Koreans who had served in the Japanese military, and Indonesian civilians detained at the request of the Dutch East Indies government.
By August 1944, there were 2,223 Japanese POWs in Australia, including 544 merchant seamen. There were also 14,720 Italian prisoners, who had mostly been captured in the North African Campaign, and 1,585 Germans, mostly naval or merchant seamen.
Although the POWs were treated in accordance with the Geneva Convention, relations between the Japanese POWs and the guards were poor, due largely to significant cultural differences; Japanese culture at the time regarded capture and detention as shameful and expected soldiers to die rather than accept capture.
A riot by Japanese POWs at Featherston prisoner of war camp in New Zealand, in February 1943, led to security being tightened at Cowra. Eventually several Vickers and Lewis machine guns were installed to augment the rifles carried by the members of the Australian Militia's 22nd Garrison Battalion, which was comprised mostly of old or disabled veterans and young men considered physically unfit for frontline service.
[edit] The breakout
In the first week of August 1944, a tip-off from an informer at Cowra led authorities to plan a move of all Japanese POWs at Cowra, except officers and NCOs, to another camp at Hay, New South Wales, some 400km to the west. The Japanese were notified of the move on 4 August.
In the words of historian Gavin Long, the following night:
- At about 2 a.m. a Japanese ran to the camp gates and shouted what seemed to be a warning to the sentries. Then a Japanese bugle sounded. A sentry fired a warning shot. More sentries fired as three mobs of prisoners, shouting "Banzai", began breaking through the wire, one mob on the northern side, one on the western and one on the southern. They flung themselves across the wire with the help of blankets. They were armed with knives, baseball bats, clubs studded with nails and hooks, wire stilettos and garotting cords.[1]
Soon afterwards, most of the buildings in the Japanese compound were set on fire.
Privates Benjamin Hardy and Ralph Jones fought their way through POWs to an unmanned Vickers gun and fired it at the escapees until they were knifed and clubbed to death. The POWs turned the gun on the Australian barracks but it jammed soon afterwards.
The actions of the Japanese POWs in storming machine gun posts, armed only with improvised weapons, showed what Australian Prime Minister John Curtin later described as a "suicidal disregard of life". Nevertheless, 359 POWs escaped. Some prisoners, rather than escaping, attempted or committed suicide, or were killed by their countrymen. Some of those who did escape committed suicide, or were killed, to avoid recapture. All those still alive were recaptured within 10 days of the breakout.
During the breakout and subsequent rounding up of POWs, four Australian soldiers and 231 Japanese died and 108 prisoners were wounded. The leaders of the breakout commanded their escapees not to attack Australian civilians, and none were killed or injured.
The findings of an official inquiry into the events was read to the Australian House of Representatives by Curtin on September 8, 1944. Among its findings were:
- Conditions at the camp were in accordance with the Geneva Convention;
- No complaints regarding treatment had been made by or on behalf of the Japanese prior to the incident, which appeared to have been the result of a premeditated and concerted plan;
- The actions of the Australian garrison in resisting the attack averted a greater loss of life, and firing ceased as soon as they regained control;
- Many of the dead had committed suicide or been killed by other prisoners, and many of the Japanese wounded had suffered self-inflicted wounds.
Hardy and Jones were posthumously awarded the George Cross as a result of their actions.
No. 12 Camp continued to operate until the last Japanese and Italian prisoners were repatriated in 1947.
Cowra maintains a significant Japanese war cemetery, and a Japanese garden was later built, on Bellevue Hill, to commemorate these events. The garden was designed by Ken Nakajima in the style of the Edo period.
[edit] Fictional accounts
A novel by Seaforth Mackenzie, who was stationed at Cowra during the breakout:
- Mackenzie, Kenneth. Dead Men Rising, Sydney: Angus & Robertson (1975).
A critically acclaimed 10-hour television miniseries, written by Margaret Kelly and Chris Noonan, and directed by Noonan and Phillip Noyce:
- The Cowra Breakout (1984).
[edit] See also
- Military history of Australia
- Pacific War
- South West Pacific Area
- Imperial Japanese Army
- Imperial Japanese Navy
- The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III
[edit] External links
- "Official Cowra Japanese Garden Home Page"
- "The prison breakout at Cowra, August 1944" Gavin Long, in Australia in the War of 1939-1945 (Published by) the Australian War Memorial. (1963)
- "Cowra POW Camp Slideshow" Cowra Shire Council (no date)
- Wal McKenzie, "Memories of the Cowra Breakout" (no date)
- "Uprisings remembered" S. Muthiah, in The Hindu (Indian national newspaper). (February 13, 2005)
- "Fact Sheet 198: Cowra outbreak, 1944 National Archives of Australia. (2000)
