Contour plowing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughingg across a slope following its contours. The rows formed have the effect of slowing water run-off during rainstorms so that the soil is not washed away and allows the water to percolate into the earth.
In contour plowing, the plowman plows perpendicular rather than parallel to slopes, generally resulting in furrows that curve around the land and are level.
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[edit] History
The Phoenicians first developed the practice of contour farming and spread it throughout the Mediterranean. However, the Romans preferred cultivation in straight furrows and this practice became standard in Europe and the United Kingdom. When Europeans settled new land in the Americas and Australia, straight furrows were generally used although contour plowing was still used in locations such as the south of France.
[edit] Modern History
This was one of many procedures promoted by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (the current Natural Resources Conservation Service) during the 1930s. The U.S. Department of Agriculture established the Soil Conservation Service in 1935 during the dust bowl when it became apparent that soil erosion was a huge problem.
The extent of the problem was such that the 1934 "Yearbook of Agriculture" noted that Approximately 35 million acres [142,000 km²] of formerly cultivated land have essentially been destroyed for crop production. . . . 100 million acres [405,000 km²] now in crops have lost all or most of the topsoil; 125 million acres [506,000 km²] of land now in crops are rapidly losing topsoil. . .
The Soil Conservation Service worked with state governments and universities with established agriculture programs such as the University of Nebraska to promote the method to farmers. By 1938, the introduction of new agricultural techniques such as contour plowing had reduced the loss of soil by 65 % despite the continuation of the drought.
Demonstrations showed that contour farming, under ideal conditions, increase yields of row crops by 50% with increases of between 5 and 10% being common. Importantly, the technique also reduced soil erosion significantly.
Contour plowing is also promoted in countries with similar rainfall patterns to the United States such as western Canada and Australia.
The practice is effective only on slopes with between 2% and 10% gradient and when rainfall does not exceed a certain amount within a certain period. On steeper slopes and areas with greater rainfall, a procedure known as strip cropping is used with contour farming to provide additional protection.
P. A. Yeomans Keyline Design system is critical of traditional contour plowing techniques, and improves the system through observing normal land form and topography. At one end of a contour the slope of the land will always be steeper than at the other. Thus when plowing parallel runs paralleling any contour the plow furrows soon deviate from a true contour. Rain water in these furrows will thus flow sideways along the falling "contour" line. This can often concentrate water in a ways that exacerbates erosion instead of reducing it. Yeomans was the first to appreciate the significance of this phenomenon. Keyline cultivation utilizes this "off contour" drift in cultivating furrows to control the movement of rain water for the benefit of the land. ( See Chapter 7 in Priority One History of Twentieth Century Soil Conservation and Keyline.)
[edit] References
- NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 330-Contour Farming 4 page pdf file
- Living History farming page on contour plowing
- American Experience page on the dust bowl
- Encyclopaedia Britannica page on contour farming
- Purdue University article on contour farming
- Conquest of the land over 7,000 years by W.C. Lowdermilk
- Central Queensland sustainable farming experiment
- Natural Resources Conservation Service page on sustainable farming
- Manitoba Soil Conservation Resource Manual
- Priority One. Together We Can Beat Global Warming
