Complexometric indicator

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A complexometric indicator is an ionochromic dye that undergoes a definite color change in presence of specific metal ions. It forms a weak complex with the ions present in the solution, which has significantly different color than the form existing outside of the complex.

In analytical chemistry, complexometric indicators are used in complexometric titration to indicate the exact moment when all the metal ions in the solution are sequestered by a chelating agent (most usually EDTA). Such indicators are also called metallochromic indicators.

The indicator may be present in another liquid phase in equilibrium with the titrated phase, the indicator is described as extraction indicator.

Some complexometric indicators are sensitive to air and are destroyed. When such solution loses color during titration, a drop or two of fresh indicator may have to be added.

Complexometric indicators are water-soluble organic molecules. Some examples are:

• Eriochrome Black T for calcium, magnesium and aluminium
• Xylenol orange for gallium, indium and scandium
• Methyl calcein blue
• Murexide
• Fast Sulphon Black
• Eriochrome Red B
• Calcein
• Calcon
• Eriochrome blue-black B
• Eriochrome blue SE
• Hydroxynaphthol blue
• Methylthymol blue
• Phthalein purple
• Pyrogallol red
• 3,3'-dimethylnaphthidine
• Chromazurol S
• Hematoxylin for copper
• Naphthol Green B
• 1-(2-pyridilazo)-2-naphthol (PAN)

In some settings, when the titrated system is a redox system whose equilibrium is influenced by the removal of the metal ions, a redox indicator can function as a complexometric indicator.