Communications in Australia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Communications in Australia is dominated by the telecommunications provider, Telstra (short for Telecom Australia). Other telephone carriers include Optus (owned by Singapore Telecommunications), AAPT (owned by Telecom New Zealand), Primus Telecom, Soul, Vodafone and Powertel.
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[edit] Telephony
Australia's main line telephony network relies primarily on an optical fibre networks, with copper lines connecting households to local exchanges. For mobile (cellular) telephony, Australia relies mainly on a dominant GSM network. 3G Mobile/Cellular Phone services were introduced into major centers in 2003. The telephone system generally provides good domestic and international service.
Domestic: Domestic satellite system for use in very remote areas, primarily Optus C1 & B3
International: Fibre Optic cables to
New Zealand ( Southern Cross Cables to NZ, Hawaii, US Mainland), Capacity 240Gb/s with Increase in Capacity up to 1.2Tb/s Upgrade in 2007/2008 [1]
Fiji (Southern Cross Cables) to Fiji, Hawaii, US Mainland) Capacity 240Gb/s with Increase in Capacity up to 1.2Tb/s Upgrade in 2007/2008 [2]
Japan (Australia Japan Cable) to Guam & Japan Primarily Used as an Alternative Path to the United States than the Southern Cross Network Capacity 2 fibre pairs of 320GB/s [3]
Indonesia (Sea-Me-We3) to Indonesia and onto Asia, Middle East, US & Comprehensive Country List (Sea-Me-We3) & Capacity 40GB/s [4]
Papua New Guinea (APNG2 Previously part of Pac Rim West), Capacity 2x565Mb/s.
Indonesia (Jasaraus Linking to APCN Asia Pacific). Capacity 5GB/s [5]
In Addition Three new cables are Planned, a Joint Venture of Pipe Networks & VSNL Linking to Guam [6], Telstra Cable From Australia to Hawaii [7], and Gondwana-1 Providing a Link from New Caledonia to Australia [8].
Satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat (Indian and Pacific Ocean regions) + Several Singtel Optus Earth Stations for Satellites Located in the major cities
Ownership statistics:
- Telephones - main lines in use: 10.82 million (2003)
- Telephones - mobile cellular: 14.35 million (2003)
- Australia's first telephone service (connecting the Melbourne and South Melbourne offices of Robinson Brothers) was launched in 1879, with the first telephone exchange opened in Melbourne in 1880. Around 7,757 calls were handled in 1884.
- The Australian networks were government assets operating under colonial legislation modelled on that of Britain. The UK Telegraph Act 1868 for example empowered the Postmaster General to "acquire, maintain and work electric telegraphs" and foreshadowed the 1870 nationalisation of competing British telegraph companies.
- The nature of the networks meant that regulation in Australia was undemanding: network personnel were government employees or agents, legislation was enhanced on an incremental basis and restrictions could be achieved through infrastructure. All the colonies ran their telegraph networks at a deficit through investment in infrastructure and subsidisation of regional access, generally with bipartisan support.
- Government-operated post office and telegraph networks - the largest parts of the bureaucracy - were combined into a single department in each colony on the model of the UK Post Office: South Australia in 1869, Victoria in 1870, Queensland in 1880 and New South Wales in 1893.
Section 51(v) of the Australian Constitution gave the new national government power over all postal, telegraphic, telephonic and 'other like services'. The latter encompassed future developments such as radio, television and the internet.
The colonial networks (staff, switches, wires, handsets, buildings etc) were transferred to the Commonwealth and became the responsibility of the first Postmaster-General (PMG), a federal Minister overseeing the Postmaster-General's Department that managed all domestic telephone, telegraph and postal services. With 16,000 staff (and assets of over £6 million) it accounted for 90% of the new federal bureaucracy. That figure climbed to over 120,000 staff (around 50% of the federal bureaucracy) by the late sixties.
Public phones were available in a handful of post offices and otherwise restricted to major businesses, government agencies, institutions and wealthier residences. Eight million telegrams were sent that year over 43,000 miles of line.
There were around 33,000 phones across Australia, with 7,502 telephone subscribers in inner Sydney and 4,800 in the Melbourne central business district. A trunk line between Melbourne (headquarters of the PMG Department) and Sydney was established in 1907, with extension to Adelaide in 1914, Brisbane in 1923, Perth in 1930 and Hobart in 1935.
Overseas cable links to Australia remained in private hands, reflecting the realities of imperial politics, demands on the new government's resources and perceptions of its responsibilities. The PMG department became responsible for some international shortwave services - particularly from the 1920s - and for a new Coastal Radio Service in 1911, with the first of a network of stations operational in February 1912. Australia and New Zealand had ratified the 1906 Berlin Radio-telegraph Convention in 1907.
During the 1930s the PMG became responsible for the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). Its management of the telecommunications network echoed the values enshrined by the ABC and the BBC.
In the era of privatization is has been fashionable to backtrack to a time when the PMG was supposedly operated by enlightened technocrats in the national interest and without concerns of profit. That vision is problematical, as it is clear that decisions about the location and management of facilities (switches and service centers) reflected local political demands and the 'Australian Settlement' first articulated by Alfred Deakin.
The PMG was, after all, a major employer in rural areas, the Minister generally came from the Country Party and there was an emphasis on in-house development and local manufacturing. Governments of whatever persuasion used the organisation as a cash cow; it was not a discrete statutory body or company and faced problems in preventing profits from being absorbed by the national consolidated revenue account.
[edit] Deregulation
In Australia the 1982 Davidson Enquiry regarding private sector involvement in delivery of existing/proposed telecommunications services recommended ending Telecom Australia's monopoly. In the preceding year Aussat Pty Ltd, another government agency, had been established to operate domestic satellite telecommunication and broadcasting services.
In practice Aussat's charter restricted it from acting as a competitor to Telecom, including a prohibition on interconnecting public switched traffic with Telecom's network. Aussat's viability was undermined through restrictions on raising capital, of critical importance given tepid government support and increasing costs. It wasn't until 1985 that Australia's first geostationary communications satellite was operational; by late 1990 it had debts of about $400 million.
The Australian Telecommunications Commission was restructured as the Australian Telecommunications Corporation, trading as Telecom Australia, in 1989. That year saw the last domestic telegram handled by Telecom, with responsibility for telegram operations handed over to Australia Post.
Proposals for a merger of Aussat and OTC (thereby permitting national delivery of telecommunication services in competition with Telecom) were rejected in favor of disposal of the satellite operator to a non-government entity that would be allowed to compete with Telecom.
Immediately following the decision that Optus Communications - a private sector entity owned by a consortium that included BellSouth - would be given Australia's second general carrier licence purchased the Satellite assets with many of the Non Satellite Assets remaining with the Government as part of Telstra.
Cable & Wireless, privatised after several decades of UK government ownership, took a controlling stake in Optus in 1998 (under the banner Cable & Wireless Optus) before control passed to SingTel in 2001.
Optus was initially allowed to enter the Australian telecommunications marketplace for national long distance and international telephone calls, with other players prevented from entering the general telephone market until 1997 and 'pro-competition' mechanisms under the Trade Practices Act 1974- such as guaranteed access to Telecom's existing infrastructure on reasonable terms - meant to ensure its viability.
Telstra also faced competition in market niches such as long distance corporate voice and data services, with AAPT (a spinoff of the local AAP financial data/news service) active from 1991. MCI Communications, later absorbed by the ill-fated WorldCom, was an early major shareholder of AAPT but departed in 1994. New Zealand's Todd Corporation took a 24.5% stake in AAPT in 1992. In 1995 AAPT launched a mobile phone service, using Vodafone as its network supplier, acquired a 50% of Australian ISP connect.com.au Pty Ltd and bought NewsNet ITN. In the same year SingTel acquired a 24.5% shareholding in AAPT.
In 1996 AAPT bought 40% of Cellular One Communications, followed by QNET Communications. In that year it gained a carrier licence, offering long distance services to the residential market and building communications networks for the South Australian and Victorian governments. It subsequently moved to 100% of CorpTEL Communications, its AAPT Sat-Tel satellite joint venture, connect.com.au and Cellular One. US operator Primus acquired Axicorp (rebadged as Primus Telecom) in 1997, gaining a carriers license and expanding into internet services.
[edit] Telstra and beyond
AOTC was rebadged as Telstra Corporation in 1993, trading internationally as Telstra from that year and domestically as Telstra from 1995. Expansion into Indonesia and other Asian markets was not strikingly successful, with the group winding back overseas involvements in 1997-98. In 1996 Telstra recorded the largest profit in Australian corporate history, some $3.8 billion and was partly privatised in November 1997 through sale by the Commonwealth of around 33.3% of its shareholding.
Privatisation followed formal opening of Australia's telecommunications markets to full competition in July 1997. A further 16.6% was sold by the Commonwealth in September 1999; sale of the government's 50.1% stake involves legislation. The new regime featured a single national phone numbering scheme and any-to-any connectivity requirements, with the expectation that mobile, phones, fixed-line phones and other devices would be able to communicate with each other irrespective of whether the service was provided by Telstra or one of its competitors. In November 2006, an additional 33% was Sold by the Government, with the remaining 17% being placed in a Future Fund to provide full separation from Government and Regulations, after many conflicts of Interest with the Government being primary shareholder and Competition Regulator.
In July 1997 the Australian telecommunications sector was opened for full competition with removal of restrictions on the number of licensed operators and anti-competition mechanisms (replaced by general competition law under the oversight of the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission).
By the end of 1998 there were over 20 licensed telecommunications carriers controlling facilities in Australia; several hundred other entities used those facilities to provide services. That had climbed to 99 by May 2002 (with 11 licences surrendered); the Australian Communications Authority estimated that the benefits to consumers of telecommunications services from competition in 2000/1 were between $5.5 billion and $12 billion.
Telstra's recurrent overseas adventures had proved unsuccessful, with withdrawal from some South East Asian markets and major writedowns of joint venture investments such as the $2.7bn Reach undersea cable with Hong Kong-based PCCW. Recurrent takeovers in the software/services sector (eg Solution 6 Holdings, Sausage Software) have proved disappointing, with Telstra buying KAZ Group in 2004 for over $250 million. In 2004 Telstra paid $636 million for the Australian operations of Trader Classified Media NV: two classified ad print publications, five complementary online sites, two automotive inserts and the Trading Post brand.
[edit] Policy challenges
Telstra however retained a dominant position - particularly in the residential market, through ownership of infrastructure - and much public debate centered on
- the advisability and timing for disposal of the Commonwealth government's remaining stake
- definitions of 'basic service' (to be provided by Telstra and competitors, in some circumstances on a subsidized basis).
Telstra management encouraged sale, others called for retention of the stake (or even purchase of private holdings), still others called for various splits of services and assets (with for example public ownership of the infrastructure, to be substantially enhanced to bring broadband to all Australians - regardless of cost).
Industry specialists noted the difficulties facing Telstra's smaller competitors, often perceived to be undercapitalised, or with uncertain support from ailing overseas parents.
[edit] Radio
Radio stations in Australia include commercial radio stations, national state-funded broadcasters (predominantly the ABC, and community radio stations. Licensing is handed by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA).
In February 2006, Commercial Radio Australia announced a digital radio network. [9]
- Radio broadcast stations: AM 262, FM 345, shortwave 1 (1998)
- Radios: 25.5 million (1997)
[edit] Television
Free-to-air television stations in Australia include three commercial networks, transmitted in various parts of the country by several different stations, two state-funded broadcasters (ABC and SBS), a small number of community television stations, and some digital datacasting services.
Australia is transitioning to digital free-to-air broadcasting and will phase out analogue broadcasts no earlier than 2010. Australian digital TV regulations call for standard definition (SD) broadcasts in 576i and a required amount of high definition (HD) content in at least 576p format. HD quota is currently set at 1040 hours annually. State media (ABC and SBS) are able to offer multi-channel services, however commercial networks are restricted in this area until 2008 in deference to the Pay-TV satellite and cable networks. Datacasting is also restricted.
As of September 2005, there were about 1,824,000 installed digital set-top boxes in Australia (roughly 12% of televisions).
- Television broadcast stations: 104 (1997)
- Television broadcast networks: 5 in most areas
- Cable & Satellite Television Companies: 6 (Foxtel, Optus TV, Austar, SelecTV, TransACT and Neighbourhood Cable)
- Televisions: 15.2 million (2005)
[edit] Internet
Internet access was first available in Australia to universities via AARNet in 1989. The first commercial dial-up ISPs (Internet Service Providers) appeared in capital cities soon after. By the mid-1990s almost the entire country had a wide choice of dial-up internet access providers. ISDN services were also available but were generally not cost effective for personal use.
In the late 1990s Telstra and Optus both started their own separate roll-out of cable internet services - this was limited to some areas of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.
In 2000 the first ADSL services were made available via Telstra Bigpond, at speeds of 256/64, 512/128 and 1500/256. As ADSL required access to the telephone exchange and the copper line - something only Telstra was able to do - this allowed Telstra to be dominant in this area for quite some time.
Resellers appeared soon after - first offering a re-sold Telstra service, then gradually taking over more of the delivery infrastructure themselves by taking advantage of regulated access to the Unconditioned Local Loop. As well as significantly reducing costs, it gave the service provider complete control of their own service network, barring the copper pair (phone line from the exchange to the customer).
The first competition to Telstra's DSLAMs was provided by then Optus subsidiary XYZed, launching business-grade xDSL services from 50 exchanges in September 2000. [10]
The first competition in the residential market began in 2003, when Adelaide-based ISP Internode [11] installed a DSLAM in the town of Meningie, South Australia. Several other service providers have since begun deploying their own DSLAMs. The presence of non-Telstra DSLAMs allowed the service providers to control the speed of connection, and most offered "uncapped" speeds, allowing the customer to connect at whatever speed their copper pair would allow, up to 8Mb/s. Ratification of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ increased the maximum to 12Mb/s, then 24Mb/s.
The Primary New Market in Australia is having a major effect on the Dominant Carrier Telstra, with many smaller and larger competitors decimating the previously Monopoloistic Corporation with Faster Speeds, Better Customer Service, Voice Over IP continually reducing its influence.
ISPs Such as Internode and iiNet have taken the major lead in the New Market Introducing ADSL2+ Services at up to 24Mb/s, at the same time as Telstra would not allow speeds over 1500kb/s on its network for Several Years. Only From January 2007 will Telstra remove its own restrictions to allow speeds of 8Mb/s whilst most other ISPs are installing ADSL2+. The Prime concern of Telstra being that to provide a service, it must also allow its competitors to purchase that Service at a Reasonable Cost, thereby allowing competition in that area of the market.
Wireless Broadband in Rural Areas is also eating into the Dominant Carriers business where some areas in Country South Australia have high speed broadband with 20gb Limits for A$59 a month, compared to Telstra's National 1gb Limit for $109 a month using the frequencies previously allocated to the discontinued CDMA Mobile Telephone Network.
The Larger problems facing most providers is in Bandwidth, which has lead to many ISP's restricting services such as Peer to Peer, and with the recent announcement of the Uncapping of Telstra's self imposed Cap of 1500kb/s, international and Australia wide cable networks may be capacity limited.
Rural Services are another major Issue, with Telstra often being the only form of infrastructure and thereby able to charge competitors 1980's style pricing for the Backhaul of the data from the Exchange to the ISPs Point of Presence, and thereby making it not competitive for any competitor to connect their own DSLAM at the Rural Exchange, this has often frustrated ISPs forcing sometimes a work around solution such as Internode's Sister Company setting up their own Microwave Network to Bypass the problem.
Currently as of June 2006 there are approximately 3.5 Million Broadband Services in Australia according to the ACCC
[edit] Current State of Internet In Australia
The Current State of Internet in Australia is one of great difference between City and Regional and Rural Areas. Whilst Australia is widely covered by a comprehensive Fibre Network, the sale of the Infrastructure by the Government to Telstra for a peppercorn price during the Telstra sale which must count as one of the most short sighted decisions ever made by the Australian Government has condemned much of the non CBD areas to an expensive and uncertain service.
Telstra in order to extract the most benefit for its shareholders charge a monopoly based price on Backhaul from the exchange to the Capital City Links, basically meaning that anywhere where a competitor such as Nextgen Networks [12] or Optus does not exist (and competitive cables only exist between Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney, Brisbane and Cairns), Any costs are charged to the ISP exist at a high level. For Example between Hobart and Melbourne it currently costs 6 times for traffic than it does from Melbourne to the United States.
With the Removal of the Broadband Connect Program due to lack of funding many long term projects to bring Internet to Rural Areas are under review, With providers such as Internode Suspending its programs to bring Broadband to the Country [13], many others are having to follow suit as the cancellation of the program has removed the funding which enables customers to connect to the primarily wireless broadband infrastructure.
Currently (as of March 2007) the Opposition ALP Party have announced a policy to fund much of the rebuilding of the network should they gain government after the general election which is due late in 2007, it remains though how much will happen after the election, the trust of the people has been abused many times from both sides of Politics, however it has been seen as a very positive move by the Industry.
Broadband Services in Australia
Broadband Take-up of Services continues to increase rapidly, with the 12 month period from the end of September 2005 to September 2006 showing a growth of 51 per cent, and Other Dsl which includes wireless broadband growing 179.5% in the same period.
ACCC Totals as of September 30, 2006 [14]
Total : 3,639,700
| Broadband Type | # Connections |
|---|---|
| Total Broadband Services | 3 639 700 |
| ADSL | 2 763 000 |
| Other DSL | 70 500 |
| Cable | 624 300 |
| Satellite | 42 400 |
| Other | 139 500 |
- Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 571 (2002)
- Country code: .au
[edit] The Future of Internet In Australia
There are several factors driving the growth of the Internet in Australia, not just in number of services but the bandwidth each service is requiring.
The Main driving factor is like elsewhere in the world the requirement for self education and being able to access the content of any subject, essentially following free will.
The Next Driving factor is the use of the internet to download content for entertainment, this includes Peer to Peer Downloading of Music and Video. This factor is also driving the bandwidth requirements of customers very strongly which has forced many of the inferior isps to introduce shaping of this Traffic due to lack of their own bandwidth and backhaul capacity, or charging fraudulently high data charges.
The growing trend is also on content production, allowing anyone to produce their own video clips and publish online with Services such as YouTube
The Next Major Factor is the increase requirement of Video On Demand. Video On Demand is a very heavy bandwidth user, Typically at good compression ratios a typical 90 minute transmission requires around a GigaByte of Data, with more and more set top boxes based on systems similar to Myth TV it is not unreasonable to expect the bandwidth to grow to an average of 120 Gigabytes of data per set top box per month, particularly when the services are available in high definition.
The Main areas preventing Video on Demand have been the high cost of bandwidth and backhaul and of the high cost of licensing, however once any studio opens its library up for a flat monthly fee, this is one area which will quickly come to fruition.
[edit] References
- This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. 2003
- ^ [1] Southern Cross Announcement
- ^ [2] Southern Cross Announcement
- ^ [3] Australian Japan Cable Website
- ^ [4] Sea-Me-We3 Website
- ^ [5] Alcatel Jasaraus Information Page
- ^ [6] Pipe Networks Release on New Australia to Guam Cable
- ^ [7] Telstra Cable on Sydney Morning Herald
- ^ [8] Alcatel Announcement on Gondwana-1
- ^ [9] Digital Broadcasting Australia
- ^ [10] Press Release - First competitive DSL network opens for business
- ^ [11] Details on Internode Coorong Network
- ^ [12] Nextgen Networks
- ^ [13] Internode Announcement of (Temporary) Suspension of Regional Connect program
- ^ [14] ACCC Report on Broadband connections September 2006
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