Commander

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Naval Forces	Land/Air Forces	Commonwealth Air Forces
Common Military Ranks
Admiral	General	Air Marshal
Commodore	Brigadier	Air Commodore
Captain	Colonel	Group Captain
Commander	Lieutenant Colonel	Wing Commander
Lieutenant Commander	Major	Squadron Leader
Lieutenant	Captain	Flight Lieutenant
Sub-Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Flying Officer
Warrant Officer	Warrant Officer	Warrant Officer
Petty Officer	Sergeant	Sergeant
Leading Rate	Corporal	Corporal
Seaman	Private	Aircraftman

Commander is a military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service. Commander is also used as a rank or title in some organizations outside of the military, particularly in police and law enforcement.

1 Commander as a military rank
2 Commander as a military title
3 Commander as a non-military rank or title
4 References
5 See also

[edit] Commander as a military rank

Insignia of a United States Navy Commander

Commander is a military rank used in many navies and some air forces but is very rarely used as a rank in armies. The rank (originally "Master and Commander") originated in the 18th and early 19th centuries to describe lieutenants that were "captains" of smaller ships such as frigates. (Hence, the equivalent rank of commander in many Continental European navies is some variation of "frigate captain.") The Royal Navy shortened "Master and Commander" to just "Commander" in 1814. ^[1]

[edit] Royal Navy

A commander in the British Royal Navy is above the rank of lieutenant-commander, below the rank of captain, and is equivalent in rank to a lieutenant colonel in the army. A commander may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or shore installation, or may serve on a staff.

[edit] Royal Air Force

Since the British Royal Air Force's middle-ranking officers' designations are modelled after the Royal Navy's, the term wing commander is used as a rank and is equivalent to a lieutenant colonel in the army or commander in the navy. The rank is above Squadron Leader and below Group Captain.

In the new defunct Royal Naval Air Service, which amalgamated with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force in 1918, pilots held appointments as well as their normal Royal Navy ranks, and wore insignia appropriate to the appointment instead of the rank. Flight commander wore a star above a lieutenant's two rank stripes, squadron commander wore two stars above two rank stripes (less than eight years' seniority) or two-and-a-half rank stripes (over eight years seniority), and wing commander wore three rank stripes. The rank stripes had the usual Royal Navy curl, and were surmounted by an eagle.

[edit] United States Navy

In the United States Navy, a commander is above the rank of lieutenant commander, below the rank of captain, and is equivalent in rank to a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army. A commander may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or shore installation, or may serve on a staff. A commander who commands a vessel may also be referred to as "Captain" as a courtesy title, or informally referred to as "skipper."

Historically, the rank of "Commander" was originally called "Master Commandant" in the United States Navy. This rank corresponded in function to "Master and Commander" in the Royal Navy. It was later changed in 1838 to its modern form.^[1]

[edit] United States Coast Guard

In the United States Coast Guard, a commander is above the rank of lieutenant commander, below the rank of captain, and is equivalent in rank to a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army.

[edit] Commander as a military title

[edit] British Army

In the British Army, the term "commander" is officially applied to the non-commissioned officer in charge of a section (section commander), vehicle (vehicle commander) or gun (gun commander), to the subaltern or captain commanding a platoon (platoon commander), or to the brigadier commanding a brigade (brigade commander). Other officers commanding units are usually referred to as the Officer Commanding (OC), Commanding Officer (CO), General Officer Commanding (GOC), or General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-C), depending on rank and position, although the term "commander" may be applied to them informally.

[edit] United States Army

In the United States Army, the term "commander" is officially applied to the commanding officer of army units; hence, there are company commanders, battalion commanders, brigade commanders, and so forth. At the highest levels of U.S. military command structure, "commander" also refers to what used to be called commander-in-chief, or CINC, until October 24, 2002, although the term CINC is still used in casual speech.

[edit] United States Air Force

In the Air Force, the term "commander" is official applied to the commanding officer of air force units; hence, there are squadron commanders, group commanders, wing commanders, and so forth. In rank, a squadron commander is typically a major or lieutenant Colonel, a group commander is typically a colonel, and a wing commander is typically a senior colonel or a brigadier general.

[edit] Commander as a non-military rank or title

[edit] British police rank

Commander is also a senior police rank in the two London police forces, the City of London Police, and the Metropolitan Police Service. It is senior to Chief Superintendent in both forces and junior to Deputy Assistant Commissioner in the Metropolitan Police and Assistant Commissioner in the City of London Police. It equates to Assistant Chief Constable in other forces. The Metropolitan Police introduced the rank in 1946, when they split the rank of Deputy Assistant Commissioner (with senior DACs keeping that rank title and junior DACs being regraded as Commanders). The Metropolitan Police also had a rank of Deputy Commander, ranking just below Commander, between 1946 and 1968. In addition, officers in charge of policing each of London's boroughs are given the title of "Borough Commander", although they hold the rank of Chief Superintendent, not Commander.

[edit] United States police rank

The Los Angeles Police Department is one of the few American police departments which use this rank. A Commander in the LAPD is equivalent to an Inspector in other US departments (such as the NYPD); the LAPD rank was originally called Inspector as well, but was changed in 1974 to Commander after senior officers voiced a preference for the more military-sounding rank.

Commander is also utilized by larger Sheriff's Departments in the United States. The rank usually falls between Chief Deputy and Captain, which is three positions removed from the sheriff.

The Washington, DC Metropolitan Police Department (MPDC) also uses the rank of Commander. The rank falls between those of Inspector and Assistant Chief.

The Rochester, NY Police Department (RPD) uses the rank of Commander. Higher than Captain and below Deputy Chief, the rank is achieved by appointment. Commander is the rank held by the two patrol division heads and other Commanders fill various administrative roles. The St. Paul Police Department (MN) is another police force that uses the rank of commander. In the St. Paul Police department, Commanders serve as the chief of the district/unit that they oversee.

Commander is also used as a title in certain circumstances, such as the Commander of a squad of Detectives, who would usually be of the rank of Lieutenant.

[edit] Military and Chivalric Orders

The title of Commander is used in the Military Orders, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, for a member senior to a Knight. The title of Knight Commander is often used to denote an even higher rank. These conventions are also used by most of the continental orders of chivalry. The United Kingdom uses different classifications.

In most of the British Orders of Knighthood, the grade of Knight (or Dame) Commander is the lowest grade of knighthood, but is above the grade of Companion (which does not carry a knighthood). In the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of the British Empire, the grade of Commander is senior to the grade of Lieutenant or Officer respectively, but junior to that of Knight or Dame Commander. In the British Order of St. John, a Commander ranks below a Knight. (However, Knights of the Order of St. John are not called "Sir.")

[edit] In common usage

"Commander" may sometimes be used by laymen, usually applied to the person who is accountable for and holds authority over a group or the attempts of a group to achieve a common goal.

[edit] In fiction

The fictional James Bond holds the rank of Commander in the Royal Navy.
The fictional Horatio Hornblower holds the rank of Commander in Hornblower and the Hotspur.
In Star Trek, Spock, William T. Riker, Deanna Troi, Beverly Crusher, and Benjamin Sisko (at the start of the DS9 series) all hold the rank of Commander.
The titles of book Master and Commander and subsequent Hollywood film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World refer to the original name for the rank, although Jack Aubrey is addressed as "Captain" in the film and most of the novels. The term refers to his position rather than his rank, and is more properly known as a Brevet Captain.
In the Star Wars films, the rank of Commander is commonly used among the Imperial Navy and the Rebel Alliance. Luke Skywalker is promoted to Commander after destroying the Death Star.
In Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels, Sir Samuel Vimes has the rank of Commander of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch.
In the detective novels by P. D. James, Adam Dalgliesh holds the Metropolitan Police rank of Commander.
In David Weber's novel On Basilisk Station, the main character, Honor Harrington, holds the rank of Commander in the Royal Manticoran Navy
In Battlestar Galactica (2003) William Adama played by Edward James Olmos is the Commander of the Battlestar Galactica before being promoted to Admiral after Admiral Helena Cain (played by Michelle Forbes) was killed.

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b Naval Historical Center, "Why is the Colonel called a 'Kernal?', http://www.history.navy.mil/trivia/triv4-5h.htm, 1998.

[edit] See also

	Officer ranks of the British Armed Forces
	Student Officer	OF(D)	OF-1		OF-2	OF-3	OF-4	OF-5	OF-6	OF-7	OF-8	OF-9	OF-10
Royal Navy:		Mid	SLt		Lt	Lt Cdr	Cdr	Capt	Cdre	RAdm	VAdm	Adm	Adm of the Fleet
Royal Marines:			2Lt	Lt	Capt	Maj	Lt Col	Col	Brig	Maj Gen	Lt Gen	Gen
Army:	OCdt		2Lt	Lt	Capt	Maj	Lt Col	Col	Brig	Maj Gen	Lt Gen	Gen	FM
Royal Air Force:	OC / SO		APO / Plt Off	Fg Off	Flt Lt	Sqn Ldr	Wg Cdr	Gp Capt	Air Cdre	AVM	Air Mshl	Air Chf Mshl	MRAF

	Student Officer	O-1	O-2	O-3	O-4	O-5	O-6	O-7	O-8	O-9	O-10	O-11 (wartime only)	Special Grade
U.S. commissioned officer ranks
Navy:	MIDN/OC	ENS	LTJG	LT	LCDR	CDR	CAPT	RDML	RADM	VADM	ADM	FADM	Admiral of the Navy
Marine Corps:	Midn	2ndLt	1stLt	Capt	Maj	LtCol	Col	BGen	MajGen	LtGen	Gen	(no equivalent)	(no equivalent)
Army:	CDT/OC	2LT	1LT	CPT	MAJ	LTC	COL	BG	MG	LTG	GEN	General of the Army	General of the Armies
Air Force:	Cadet	2nd Lt	1st Lt	Capt	Maj	Lt Col	Col	Brig Gen	Maj Gen	Lt Gen	Gen	General of the Air Force	(no equivalent)
Coast Guard:	CDT	ENS	LTJG	LT	LCDR	CDR	CAPT	RDML	RADM	VADM	ADM	(no equivalent)	(no equivalent)

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