Cog (ship)

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Reconstructed excavated cog from 1380.

Cogs (or rather cog-built vessels) are ships that were widely used from around the 12th Century. Cogs were generally built of oak, which was an abundant Baltic timber. This vessel was fitted with a single mast and a square rigged single sail. Even though this type of rigging prohibited sailing into the wind, it could be handled by a smaller crew, which also reduced operational costs. These vessels were mostly associated with sea-going trade in medieval Europe, particularly in the Baltic Sea region.

1 Design
2 History
3 See also
4 Footnotes
- 4.1 Further reading
- 4.2 External links

[edit] Design

Cross-section of the Hull.

They were characterized by flush-laid flat bottom at midships but gradually shifted to overlapped strakes near the posts. They had full lapstrake planking covering the sides, generally starting from the bilge strakes, and double-clenched iron nails for plank fastenings. The keel, or rather keelplank, was only slightly thicker than the adjacent garboards and had no rabbet. Both stem and stern posts, were straight and rather long, and connected to the keelplank through intermediate pieces called hooks. The lower plank hoods terminated in rabbets in the hooks and posts, but upper hoods were nailed to the exterior faces of the posts. Caulking was generally tarred mosses that was inserted into curved grooves, covered with wooden laths, and secured by metal staples, called sintels. Finally, the cog-built structure could not be completed without a stern-mounted hanging central rudder, which was a unique northern development.^[1]

[edit] History

Seal of Lübeck, with an undersized Cog.

Cogs are first mentioned in 948 AD, in Muiden near Amsterdam. These early cogs were influenced by the Norse Knaar, which was the main trade vessel in northern Europe at the time, and probably used a steering oar, as there is nothing to suggest a stern rudder in northern Europe until about 1240.^[2]

The earliest development, according to the current archaeological evidence, directs us to the Frisian coast, Western Jutland, as the possible birthplace of this vessel. The transformation of the cog into a true seagoing trader came not only during the time of the intense merchant exchange between West and East, but also as a direct answer to the closure of the western entrance to the Limfjord. For centuries, Limfjord in northern Jutland offered fairly protected passage between the North Sea and the Baltic. Due to unusual geographical conditions and strong currents, the passage was constantly filling with sand and was completely blocked by the 12th century. This change produced new challenges. Bigger ships that could not be pulled across the sand bars had to sail around the Jutland peninsula and circumnavigate the dangerous Cape Skagen to get to the Baltic. This imposed major modifications to old ship structures, which can be observed by analyzing evolution of the earliest cog finds of Kollerup, Skagen, and Kolding. The need for spacious and relatively inexpensive ships led to the development of the first workhorse of the Hanseatic League, the cog. Thus the new and improved cog was no longer a simple Frisian coaster but a sturdy seagoing trader, which could cross even the most dangerous passages. Fore and stern castles would be added for defense against pirates, or to use these vessels as warships, such as used at the Battle of Sluys.

Eventually, around 14th century, the cog reached its structural limits, thus providing the desperate urge for a quick replacement. The replacement, however, was already in place and only waiting for the reconditioning. Even though there is no evidence that hulk ships descended from the cogs, it is clear that the 14th and 15th centuries witnessed an intense technological interchange of ideas between the two.^[3] In essence, the transition from cogs to hulks was never a linear function. According to some interpretations, both vessels coexisted for many centuries but followed diverse lines of evolution.^[4]

[edit] See also

[edit] Footnotes

^ Hocker, 1991; Crumlin-Pedersen, 2000
^ Description and pictures of cogs
^ Crumlin-Pedersen, 2000
^ Gardnier, 1994

[edit] Further reading

A History of Seafaring: Based on Underwater Archaeology (1972) - George F. Bass, Thames and Hudson Ltd, ISBN 0-500-01077-3
Crumling-Pedersen, O., To be or not to be a cog: the Bremen Cog in Perspective (2000) IJNA 29.2: 230-246
Hocker, F., 1991, Cogge en Coggeschip: Late Trends in Cog Development - Proceedings of 5th Glavimans Symposium on Ship Archaeology. Groningen
Gardnier, R., 1994, Cogs, caravels and galleons: the sailing ship, 1000-1650, Annapolis