Clinical surveillance

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Clinical surveillance (or Syndromic Surveillance) refers to the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data about a clinical syndrome that has a significant impact on public health, which is then used to drive decisions about health policy and health education. Such techniques have been used in particular to study infectious diseases. Many large institutions, such as the WHO and the CDC, have created databases and modern computer systems (public health informatics) that can track and monitor emerging outbreaks of illnesses such as influenza, SARS, HIV, and even bioterrorism, such as the 2001 anthrax attacks on federal agencies in the United States. Many regions and countries have their own cancer registry to monitor the incidence of cancers to determine the prevalence and possible causes of these illnesses.

Other illnesses such as one-time events like stroke and chronic conditions such as diabetes, as well as social problems such as domestic violence, are increasingly being integrated into epidemiologic databases called disease registries that are being used in cost-benefit Analysis in determining governmental funding for research and prevention. Many see this health outcomes data as greatly beneficial, but this kind of work is often controversial because many of the statistics, like Quality-adjusted life years and Disability Adjusted Life Years, involve quantifying the worth of human lives or years lived according to highly subjective concepts such as survival, quality of life, and productivity measures. Population-based healthcare is being promoted as registries are integrated, and health outcomes are increasingly being monitored.

Systems that can automate the process of identifing adverse drug events, are currently being used, and are being compared to traditional written reports of such events.^[1] These systems intersect with the field of medical informatics, and are rapidly becoming adapted by hospitals and endorsed by institutions that oversee healthcare providers (sich as JCAHO in the United States). Issues in regards to healthcare improvement are evolving around the surveillance of medication errors within institutions.^[2]

Syndromic Surveillance is the analysis of medical data to detect or anticipate disease outbreaks. According to a CDC definition, "the term 'syndromic surveillance' applies to surveillance using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response. Though historically syndromic surveillance has been utilized to target investigation of potential cases, its utility for detecting outbreaks associated with bioterrorism is increasingly being explored by public health officials."^[3]

The first indications of disease outbreak or bioterrorist attack may not be the definitive diagnosis of a physician or a lab. Using a normal influenza outbreak as an example, once the outbreak begins to affect the population, some people may call in sick for work/school, others may visit their drug store and purchase medicine over the counter, others will visit their doctor's office and other's may have symptoms severe enough that they call the emergency telephone number or go to an emergency room. Syndromic surveillance systems monitor data from school absenteeism logs, 911 systems, hospitals' over-the-counter drug sale records, Internet searches, and other data sources to detect unusual patterns. When a spike in activity is seen in any of the monitored systems disease epidemiologists and public health professionals are alerted that may be an issue. An early awareness and response to a bioterrorist attack could save many lives and potentially stop or slow the spread of the outbreak. The most effective syndromic surveillance systems automatically monitor these systems in real-time, do not require individuals to enter separate information (secondary data entry), include advanced analytical tools, aggregate data from multiple systems, across geo-political boundaries and include an automated alerting process.^[4]

[edit] See also

1985 World Health Organization AIDS surveillance case definition (obsolete)
1994 expanded World Health Organization AIDS case definition
AIDS defining clinical condition
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
Emergency Warning and Response System EWRS
GIDEON-Global Infectious Disease Epidemiology Network
Global spread of H5N1 (a strain of influenza)
Infection control
List of notifiable diseases
Mass surveillance
Reporting disease cases
STD testing
UK statutory notification system

[edit] Sources and notes

University of Washington, Dept of Epidemiology, online course, Introduction to Epidemiologic Methods [1]
University of Washington, Dept of Epidemiology, online course, Cost & Outcomes Research [2]
JAMIA: Implementing Syndromic Surveillance: A Practical Guide Informed by the Early Experience [3]
JAMIA: Automated Syndromic Surveillance for the 2002 Winter Olympics [4]
Healthcare IT Collaboration in Massachusetts. First published July 27, 2005 as JAMIA PrePrint; doi:10.1197/jamia.M1866 [5]
James L Gale, MD, MS. Introduction to Public Health Surveillance, Northwest Center for Public Health Practice, University of Washington [6]
Ivan J Gotham, Perry F Smith, Guthrie S Birkhead, et al. Policy Issues in Developing Information Systems for Public Health Surveillance of Communicable Diseases. In Patrick W O'Carroll, William A Yasnoff, M Elizabeth Ward, et al, eds. Public Health Informatics and Information Systems. New York: Springer, 2003. p 537-573. [7]