Classical Japanese language

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The Classical Japanese language (Japanese:文語 bungo) was the Japanese language as spoken and written during the Heian era of Japan, circa 900–1200 CE. It is the direct successor to the Old Japanese language and is characterized by an enormous influx of Chinese vocabulary and widespread changes in the phonology.

Classical Japanese was the standard for the written form of the language for long time. Use of Classical Japanese for writing started to decline after the Meiji Restoration, when novelists started writing their works in Modern Japanese made upon the spoken Japanese, though newspapers and official documents were still written in Classical Japanese then. After the World War II, most of written Japanese switched to Modern Japanese, though even today it is used for literature especially in traditional genre like haiku.

Contents 1 Phonology 2 Writing system 3 Orthography 4 Grammar 5 Vocabulary 6 External links

[edit] Phonology

Phonological changes include:

• The change of the prenasalized consonants to voiced consonants
• The addition of long vowels and closed syllables to syllable inventory
• The elision of certain consonants in certain environments
• The lenition of [p] to the bilabial fricative [ɸ]
• The change in timing from syllable-timing to mora-timing

[edit] Writing system

Classical Japanese was written in three different ways. It was first recorded in Man'yōgana, Chinese characters used as a phonetic transcription as in Old Japanese. This usage later produced the hiragana and katakana syllabic scripts which were derived from simplifications of the original Chinese characters.

[edit] Orthography

We can see that in general the W and H transform. The H does not transform if it's on beginning of a word.

文語	国語	変化
やう	よう	あ　+　う　＝　おう
さう	そう
だう	どう　道	tao from chinese
けふ	きょう　今日	え　+　う　＝　よう
きう	きゅう　九	い　+　う　＝　ゆう
きふ	きゅう　急	い　+　ふ　＝　ゆう
うはぎ	うわぎ　上着	は　　-　-　）　わ　if not in the beginning
おもふ	おもう　思う
まゐる	まいる　参る	ゐ　　-　-　）　い
いふ	いう　　言う	ふ　　-　-　）　う
いへ	いえ　　家	へ　　-　-　）　え
うへ	うえ　　上
こゑ	こえ　　声	ゑ　　-　-　）　え
ゑ	え　　　絵
かほ	かお　　顔	ほ　　-　-　）　お
をんな	おんな　　女	を　　-　-　）　お
をとこ	おとこ　　男
づ	ず　図	づ　　-　-　）　ず
くわ	か　　花	ＫＷ/ＧＷ-　－）　Ｋ/Ｇ
くわい	かい　　会

[edit] Grammar

とう だい もと くら   　　　　　　　  　　   　 　　じょし
灯台下暗し　　  は・が 助詞　　  　 are not necessary indispensable.  Les particules HA et GA ne sont pas toujours indispensable.

をんな　 さんがい 　　いへ　　　　　       　　 　　じょし
女は三界に家なし    は 助詞　      in this case is for contrasting with the is about women and women only.
                                       (In the 3 world women hasn't house) it's mean that women live is in dependance
                                       (they depend from father, husband, children) FOR THE BUDDHIST.

[edit] Vocabulary

[edit] External links

• Bungo Nyûmon: A Brief Introduction to Classical Japanese
• Classical-Japanese.net
• bibliography of premodern Japanese texts and translations