Cladocera

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Cladocera

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Branchiopoda
Order:	Cladocera Latreille, 1829

Families

Suborder Anomopoda

Daphniidae

Moinidae

Bosminidae

Macrothricidae

Chydoridae

Suborder Ctenopoda

Sididae

Holopedidae

Suborder Onychopoda

Polyphemidae

Cercopagidae

Podonidae

Suborder Haplopoda

Leptodoridae

Cladocera or cladocerans are small crustaceans, part of the Class Branchiopoda. They form a monophyletic group, which is currently divided into 4 suborders, 11 families, 80 genera, and about 400 species. The most commonly known genus is Daphnia (freshwater water fleas), which is the most researched in this group; Daphnia is commonly used to test the toxicity of chemicals in solution or for water pollution.

[edit] Anatomy

Cladocera are free-swimming organisms, and most orientate themselves with dorsal side up. They have a two-valved carapace covering most of the body except the appendages. In some families, the carapace only covers the brood pouch area. The head is typically separated from the body by a deep indentation, but also may not be separated. Nearly all species have a large compound eye and two pairs of antennae. The first antennae are small and contain sensory organs. The second antennae are used for gathering food and swimming and are much larger than the first antennae, or antennules. In many species the two pairs of antennae are attached to each other. Most species also have a tail, or spiny projection of the carapace, while some have hairs projecting. Only a few groups have "true tails" that are segmented and are a projection of the body instead of the carapace.

[edit] Taxonomy

Order Cladocera Latreille, 1829

Suborder Anomopoda
- Family Daphniidae Straus, 1820
  - Ceriodaphnia Dana, 1853
  - Daphnia Müller 1785
  - Daphniopsis Sars, 1903
  - Megafenestra Dumont & Pensaert, 1983
  - Simocephalus Schödler, 1858
  - Scapholeberis Schödler, 1858
- Family Moinidae Goulden, 1968
  - Moina Baird, 1850
  - Moinodaphnia Herrick, 1887
- Family Bosminidae Baird, 1846
  - Bosmina Baird, 1846
  - Bosminopsis Richard, 1895
- Family Macrothricidae Norman & Brady, 1867
  - Acantholeberis Lilljeborg, 1846
  - Bunops Birge, 1893
  - Drepanothrix Sars, 1862
  - Grimaldina Richard, 1892
  - Guernella Richard, 1892
  - Iheringula Sars, 1900
  - Ilyocryptus Sars, 1862
  - Lathonura Lilljeborg, 1853
  - Macrothrix Baird, 1843
  - Ophryoxus Sars, 1862
  - Parophryoxus Doolittle, 1909
  - Pseudomoina Sars, 1912
  - Streblocerus Sars, 1862
  - Wlassicsia Daday, 1904
- Family Neothricidae Dumont & Silva-Briano, 1998
  - Neothrix Gurney, 1927
- Family Chydoridae Stebbing, 1902
  - Acroperus Baird, 1843
  - Alona Baird, 1843
  - Alonella Sars, 1862
  - Alonopsis Sars, 1862
  - Anchistropus Sars, 1862
  - Archepleuroxus Smirnov & Timms, 1983
  - Armatalona Sinev, 2004
  - Australochydorus Smirnov & Timms, 1983
  - Australospilus Smirnov, 2001
  - Bryospilus
  - Camptocercus Baird, 1843
  - Celsinotum Frey, 1991
  - Chydorus Leach, 1816
  - Dadaya Sars, 1901
  - Disparalona Sars, 1862
  - Dunhevedia King, 1853
  - Ephemeroporus Frey, 1982
  - Euryalona Sars, 1901
  - Eurycercus Baird, 1843
  - Graptolebris Sars, 1862
  - Karualona Dumont & Silva-Briano, 2000
  - Kurzia Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894
  - Leberis Smirnov, 1989
  - Leydigia Kurz, 187
  - Miralona Sinev, 2004
  - Monope Smirnov & Timms, 1983
  - Monospilus Sars, 1862
  - Notoalona Rajapaksa & Fernando, 1987
  - Oxyurella Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894
  - Paralona Šráhek-Hušek, 1962
  - Picripleurocus Frey, 1993
  - Phrixura P. E. Müller, 1867
  - Planicirclus Frey, 1991
  - Pleuroxus Baird, 1843
  - Plurispina Frey, 1991
  - Pseudochydorus Fryer, 1968
  - Pseudomonospilus Smirnov, 2001
  - Rak Smirnov & Timms, 1983
  - Rhynchotalona Norman, 1903
  - Spinalona Ciros-Perez & Elias-Gutierrez, 1997
  - Tretocephala Frey, 1965
- Family Sayciidae Frey, 1967
  - Saycia Sars, 1904
Suborder Ctenopoda
- Family Sididae Baird, 1850
  - Diaphanosoma Fischer, 1850
  - Latona Straus, 1820
  - Latonopsis Sars, 1888
  - Penilia Dana, 1849
  - Pseudosida Herrick, 1884
  - Sarsilatona Korovchinsky, 1985
  - Sida Straus, 1820
- Family Holopedidae Sars, 1865
  - Holopedium Zaddach, 1855
Suborder Onychopoda
- Family Polyphemidae Baird, 1845
  - Polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758
- Family Cercopagidae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1966
  - Bythotrephes Leydig, 1860
  - Cercopagis Sars, 1897
- Family Podonidae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968
  - Caspievadne Behning, 1941
  - Cornigerius Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1967
  - Evadne Lovén, 1836
  - Pleopsis Dana, 1852
  - Podon Lilljeborg, 1853
  - Podonevadne Gibitz, 1922
Suborder Haplopoda
- Family Leptodoridae Lilljeborg, 1861
  - Leptodora Lilljeborg, 1861