Civil war in Tajikistan
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| Civil War in Tajikistan | |||||||||
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 Fighting in Tajikistan |
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| Combatants | |||||||||
| Commanders | |||||||||
| Emomali Rahmonov (President of Tajikistan) | Said Abdullah Nuri (UTO) Mohammed Sharif Himmatzade (IRP) |
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| Casualties | |||||||||
| 50,000 to 100,000 killed, 1.2 million displaced | |||||||||
| Conflicts in the former Soviet Union |
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| Nagorno-Karabakh – South Ossetia – Abkhazia – Georgia – North Ossetia – Transnistria – Tajikistan – 1st Chechnya – Dagestan – 2nd Chechnya |
The civil war in Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷанги шаҳрвандии Тоҷикистон, Jangi shahrvandii Tojikiston) began in May 1992 when disenfranchised groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions rose up against the national government of President Emomali Rahmonov. Democrats, liberal reformists, and Islamists fought together and later organized under the banner of the United Tajik Opposition. By June 1997 fifty to one hundred thousand people had been killed.[3][4]
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[edit] Background
Tensions began in the spring of 1992 after opposition members took to the streets in demonstrations against the 1991 presidential election. President Rakhmon Nabiyev and Speaker of the Supreme Soviet Safarali Kenjayev orchestrated the dispersal of weapons to pro-government militias while the opposition turned to rebels in Afghanistan for military aid.
Fighting broke out in May 1992 between old guard supporters of the government, backed by Moscow, and a loosely organized opposition composed of disenfranchised groups from the regions Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan, democratic liberal reformists, and Islamists. Nabiyev resigned his presidency on 7 September 1992.[5]
With the aid of the Russian military and Uzbekistan, pro-government forces routed the opposition in early and late 1992. In December 1992 a new government was formed under the leadership of Emomali Rahmonov, representing a shift in power from the old power based in Leninabad to the militias from Kulyab, from which Rahmanov came.[6][7]
The height of hostilities occurred between 1992 and 1993 and pitted Kulyabi militias against an array of groups, including militants from the Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP) and ethnic minority Pamiris from Gorno-Badakhshan. In large part due to the foreign support they received, the Kulyabi militias were able to soundly defeat opposition forces and went on what has been described by Human Rights Watch as an ethnic cleansing campaign against Pamiris and Garmis.[8] The campaign was concentrated in areas south of the capital and included the murder of prominent individuals, mass killings, the burning of villages, and the expulsion of the Pamiri and Garmi population into Afghanistan. The violence was particularly concentrated in Qurgonteppa, the powerbase of the IRP and home to many Garmis. Tens of thousands were killed or fled to Afghanistan.[9][10][11][12]
[edit] Opposition reorganizes
In Afghanistan the opposition reorganized and rearmed with the aid of the Jamiat-i-Islami. The group's leader Ahmad Shah Masoud became a benefactor of the Tajik opposition. Later in the war the opposition organized under an umbrella group called the United Tajik Opposition, or UTO. Elements of the UTO, especially in the Tavildara region, became the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, while the leadership of the UTO was opposed to the formation of the organization.[13]
[edit] Continued stalemate and peace
Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the breakdown of central authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. In response to the violence the United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan was deployed. Most fighting in the early part of the war occurred in the southern part of the country, but by 1996 the rebels were combating Russian troops in the capital city of Dushanbe. Islamic radicals from northern Afghanistan also began to fight Russian troops in the region. A UN-sponsored armistice finally ended the war in 1997. The peace agreement completely eliminated Leninabad region (Khujand) from power. Peaceful elections were held in 1999.[citation needed]
The UTO warned in letters to United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan and Tajik President Imomali Rahmonov on 23 June 1997 that it would not sign the proposed peace agreement on June 27 if prisoner exchanges and the allocation of jobs in the coalition government were not outlined in the agreement. Akbar Turajonzoda, second-in-command of the UTO, repeated this warning on 26 June, but said both sides were negotiating. President Rahmonov, UTO leader Said Abdullah Nuri, and Russian President Boris Yeltsin met in the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia on 26 June to finish negotiating the peace agreement. The Tajik government had previously pushed for settling these issues after the two sides signed the agreement, with the posts in the coalition government decided by a joint commission for national reconciliation and prisoner exchanges by a future set of negotiations. Russian Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov met with the Foreign Ministers of Iran, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to discuss the proposed peace accord.[14][15]
By the end of the war Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered from 50,000 to as many as 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. Tajikistan's physical infrastructure, government services, and economy were in disarray and much of the population was surviving on subsistence hand outs from international aid organizations. The United Nations established a Mission of Observers in December 1994, maintaining peace negotiations until the warring sides signed a comprehensive peace agreement in 1997.[16]
Journalists were particularly targeted for assassination and dozens of Tajik journalists died. Many more fled the country leading to a brain drain. Notable individuals killed include journalist and politician Otakhon Latifi, journalist and Jewish leader Meirkhaim Gavrielov, politician Safarali Kenjayev, and four members of the United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan, including Yutaka Akino, a noted Japanese scholar of Central Asian history.[citation needed]
[edit] Further reading
- Monica Whitlock. Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia, St. Martin's Press, 2003, ISBN 031227727X.
- Shahram Akbarzadeh. Why did nationalism fail in Tajikistan?, Europe-Asia Studies, 1996.
- Mohammad-Reza Djalili, Frédéric Grare, and Shirin Akiner. Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence, St. Martin's Press, Richmond, U.K.: Curzon, 1997.
- Roy, Olivier. The New Central Asia, the Creation of Nations. London: I. B. Tauris, 2000.
[edit] References
- ^ Central Asia's Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests CRS Report for Congress
- ^ Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States, page 77
- ^ Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, page 8. Ahmed Rashid
- ^ Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States, page 76
- ^ Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States, page 76
- ^ Between Marx and Muhammad. Dilip Hiro.
- ^ The Resurgence of Central Asia. Ahmed Rashid
- ^ Human Rights Watch Press Backgrounder on Tajikistan Human Rights Watch
- ^ Tajikistan: Refugee reintegration and conflict prevention Open Society Institute
- ^ Human Rights Watch World Report: Tajikistan Human Rights Watch
- ^ Between Marx and Muhammad. Dilip Hiro.
- ^ The Resurgence of Central Asia. Ahmed Rashid
- ^ Ahmed Rashid. Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. Orient Longman. Hyderabad. 2002.
- ^ Tajikistan: Opposition warns it may not sign peace accord RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
- ^ Tajikistan: Opposition may not sign peace accord tomorrow RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
- ^ Tajikistan: rising from the ashes of civil war United Nations
