Cimbalom

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This article is about the stringed instrument; for the percussion instrument consisting of a metal disk see cymbal.
Cymbalum
Cymbalum

The cymbalum, cymbalom, cimbalom (most common spelling), ţambal, tsymbaly, tsimbl, santouri, or santur is a musical instrument found mainly in the music of Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Greece and Iran. In Czechoslovakia it was also known as a cimbal. It is a hammered dulcimer.

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[edit] History

The small cymbalum developed from the Persian santur, which entered Europe during the Middle Ages. The instrument became popular with Romanian Gypsy (Roma) musicians (lăutari) around the 19th century; by the end of the century it was quite widespread, taking the place of the kobza. [1] In Wallachia it is used almost as a percussion instrument. In Transylvania and Banat, the style of play is more tonal, heavy with arpeggios.

The santur (also called santoor in India) spread throughout the world. It was not only modified by nomadic Roma people and brought to Eastern Europe and The Balkans, but it also appeared in many other cultures:

[edit] Types

The small cymbalum usually is carried by the musician, using a strap around the player's neck and leaning one edge of the instrument against the player's waist. The cymbalum is played by striking two beaters against the strings.

In Hungary, the larger, concert cimbalom, comparable in pitch range (and weight) to a small piano—but still normally played with beaters—was first developed by József Schunda in the 1870s. It stands on four legs, has many more strings, and the later models had a damping pedal; before this, the player damped the strings using his coat sleeves. This instrument eventually found its way to districts of Romania, because they were part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. In Romania, this large cymbalum is known as the ţambal mare (literally "great cymbalum"). These instruments are fully chromatic and have a range of four full octaves.

A small cymbalum was also later produced in Ukraine during the 1950s that came with attachable legs and dampers, but could be carried more easily than a concert instrument. These instruments were produced by the Chernihiv factory which produced many types of folk instruments.

[edit] Use of cimbalom in composed music

One composer who made use of the cymbalum was Zoltán Kodály. His orchestral suite, Háry János, made extensive use of the instrument and helped make the cymbalum well known outside Eastern Europe. Igor Stravinsky was also an enthusiast, and he owned one, and included one in his ballet Renard. Other composers like Pierre Boulez, Peter Eötvös, György Kurtág have made a great use of cymbalum in their works. Henri Dutilleux used it in "Mystère de l'Instant" (for chamber orchestra). Film composer Howard Shore used the cymbalum as well to express Gollum's sneaky nature in Peter Jackson's film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002). Film and television composer John Barry, known best for his music for the James Bond series of films, used the cymbalum in "The Ipcress File" title theme and in a seldom foray into scoring TV shows used the cymbalum to great effect on "The Persuaders" main theme in 1971.

[edit] Occurrence and names

The instrument is known by different names in different countries and when played in different styles. A partial list includes:

[edit] Cimbalom players

Some notable cimbalom players are:

  • Richard Grimes: American classical cimbalom virtuoso. Inventor of the electric cimbalom.
  • Kálmán Balogh: A contemporary Hungarian cimbalom virtuoso.
  • Stuart Brotman of the American klezmer band Brave Old World
  • Luigi Gaggero: classical and contemporary cimbalom player; professor at the Conservatoire de Strasbourg. He premiered a large part of the contemporary chamber-music cimbalom repertoire. www.cimbalom.eu
  • Toni Iordache: An admired Romanian ţambal player.
  • Per Karang: Norwegian cimbalom player.
  • Jeno Lisztes: A Gypsy cimbalom player from the Roby Lakatos ensemble.
  • Michael Masley: A contemporary American who plays the instrument with ten self-designed bowhammers.
  • Joseph Moskowitz: The father of klezmer "tsimbl". One of the first to be recorded.
  • Pete Rushefsky: an American klezmer tsimbl player
  • Sandu Sura: An admired Moldavian ţambal player.

[edit] Trivia

  • Cimbalom was used in the film score for the movie In the Heat of the Night (1967).
  • The surname Zimbalist means "one who plays the cimbalom".
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