Christ
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- This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian Theology as the 'Divine Person'. For the proclaimed Messiah and Son of God, see Jesus. For the Columbia University physics professor, see Norman Christ. For the electronic musician, see Christ. (note the period).
Christ is the English translation of the Greek word Χριστός (Christós), which literally means The Anointed One. It translates the Hebrew word מָשִׁיחַ (Mašíaḥ), usually transliterated Messiah.
The word is is often misunderstood to be the surname of Jesus due to the numerous mentions of Jesus Christ in the Christian Bible. The word is in fact a title, hence its common reciprocal use Christ Jesus, meaning The Anointed One, Jesus. To clarify this, Jesus is sometimes referred to as "the Man". Followers of Jesus became known as Christians because they believed that Jesus was the Christ, or Messiah, prophesied in the Tanakh (which Christians term the Old Testament). The majority of Jews reject this claim and are still waiting for the Christ to come (see Jewish Messiah). Most Christians now wait for the Second Coming of Christ when it is thought he will fill the rest of the Messianic prophets.
The area of Christian theology focusing on the identity, life, teachings and works of Jesus, is known as Christology.
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[edit] Full etymology
The spelling Christ in English dates from the 17th century, when, in the spirit of the enlightenment, spellings of certain words were changed to fit their Greek or Latin origins. Prior to this, in Old and Middle English, the word was spelled Crist, the i being pronounced either as [i] (see IPA pronunciation), preserved in the names of churches such as St Katherine Cree, or as a short i, preserved in the modern pronunciation of Christmas.
The term appears in English and most European languages owing to the Greek usage of Christos in the New Testament as a description for Jesus. In the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, it was used to translate into Greek the Hebrew Mashiach (Messiah), meaning "[one who is] anointed". While many Christian writers claim that this term implied a match to the criteria of being anointed that Jewish tradition had given to their predicted future saviour, some argue that there is no "saviour" concept, as suggested in Christianity, in the Jewish tradition. The "anointed" one more closely means 'high priest', 'leader', or even 'ruler'.
The Greek term is cognate with Chrism, meaning perfumed oil; in fact Christos in classical Greek usage could mean covered in oil, and is thus a literal and accurate translation of Messiah (just as Saul the King was oiled up when he was proclaimed king). The Greek term is thought to derive from the Proto-Indo-European root of ghey-, which in Germanic languages, such as English, mutated into gris- and grim-. Hence the English words grisly, grim, grime, gizm and grease, are thought to be cognate with Christ, though these terms came to have a negative connotation, where the Greek word had a positive connotation. In French, the Greek term, in ordinary usage, mutated first to cresme and then to creme, due to the loss of certain 's' usages in French, which was loaned into English as cream. The word was used by extension in Hellenic and Jewish contexts to refer to the office, role or status of the person, not to their actually being an oily person, as a strict reading of the etymology might imply.
According to Tom Harpur, a former professor of Theology at the University of Toronto who denies the historicity of Jesus, the Christian usage of the term Christ derives from Egypt. Harpur has argued that the application of the term Christ to Jesus derives from the Egyptian use of the term Karast (covered in cooking oil) to describe Horus, who Harpur also alleges that much of the descriptions of Jesus are copied from. Karast is a false cognate to Christ, and Harpur has alleged that this co-incidence was the reason that Christians chose this appellation of Horus rather than any other, since in Jewish circles, Christ readily brings to mind the Jewish belief in a Messiah.
Another theory states that name Christ and his story could have been adapted from the Hindu god rama rama Krishna because of similarities in their names and life. Both Krishna and Christ are said to have lived a life of a shepherd. In both stories a king seeks and kills children, hoping to kill Krishna / Christ. There are similarities in their deaths too - Krishna is killed by an iron-nailed arrow piercing his feet and Christ crucified by iron nails. Long before any references to Krishna appear, the Elamites in the 3rd millennium BC also had a deity named Kiririsha.
'Chrestus' is a similar Greek name, which Suetonius confused for 'Christos'.
[edit] In the New Testament
See Jesus and New Testament view on Jesus' life.
In the New Testament it says that a savior, long awaited, had come and shall return, and it describes this saviour the Christ (Greek τοῦ Χριστοῦ, tou Christou, ὁ Χριστὸς, ho Christos). Some ancient groups, such as the Gnostics, believed that everyone could become a Christ.
[edit] Distinctions between "Jesus", "Christ", and "God"
The term "Christ" is often used synonymously with "Jesus". A difference in usage is sometimes for variety of speech, and sometimes a subtlety intended to emphasize the totality of His person and function in Salvation. For example, Ott refers to "Jesus" when emphasizing an event in the New Testament, while he refers to "Christ" in discussing the nature of God.
[edit] Christian mainstream view
There is a temporal distinction between Jesus and God. God, in the Christian belief system, exists outside of the time continuum and is not restricted by the confines of time.
Jesus, on the other hand, is the incarnation of the Logos — the divine Word of God — as described in the first chapter of the Gospel of John (1:1-18). Jesus was born, lived, suffered, died and was resurrected. Many Christians believe that there is no ontological distinction between God and Jesus (holding that Jesus is the second person of the Holy Trinity), and that Jesus did not lose divinity in the incarnation, but rather took on humanity. They likewise believe that Jesus is the Christ.
The term "Christ" pertains to the role to be performed by the "chosen one of God" (another possible translation of "Christ"). The problem with this word for the person of Jesus is that the term means different things to different people. Most especially, the term "Messiah" refers often in Jewish beliefs of the Roman era to the hoped-for leader who would not only be a spiritual leader but a political one as well. Hence, we have grounds for why this term might cause consternation and skepticism -- if not downright hostility -- not only for Romans, but also for the Jewish leadership of the Temple at the time of Jesus. Those who believe in the Hebrew prophecies, but are not Christian and who do not believe Jesus of Nazareth is the "Christ", are still awaiting the arrival of the Christ, the Anointed One. Christians are waiting for the Second Coming of Jesus, when he will fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy.
[edit] Gnostic Christ
The gnostics generally believed not in a Jesus who was a Divine Person with a human nature, but in a spiritual Christ who dwelt in Jesus. Through the spiritual path of gnosticism, followers of these schools believed that they could experience the same knowledge, or gnosis. Their theology was or is dualistic and premised upon demigods, salvation for the elect, and the actions of God who sends periodic saviors. This was considered heresy by the Early Church as per the first Ecumenical Council, which occurred at Nicaea in 325 AD, although condemnation of the belief existed well before.
[edit] Esoteric Christian tradition
In the Western European esoteric tradition, Essenian, Bogomilism and later Rosicrucian, there is a distinction to be made between Jesus and the Christ.[1] Jesus is considered a high Initiate of the human life wave (which evolves under the cycle of rebirth) and of a singularly pure type of mind, vastly superior to the great majority of the present humanity. He was educated during his youth among the Essenes and thus prepared himself for the greatest honor ever bestowed upon a human being: to deliver his pure, passionless, highly evolved physical body and vital body (already attuned to the high vibrations of the 'life spirit'), in the moment of the Baptism, to the Christ being for His ministry in the physical world. Christ is described as the highest Spiritual Being of the life wave called Archangels and has completed His union ("the Son") with the second aspect of God.
According to the Rosicrucian teachings, Christ is said to inhabit the first universal inner world of our solar system, called in Rosicrucian cosmology the 'World of Life Spirit', described as the world where differentiation ceases and unity begins to be realized. His lowest subtle body is said to be the desire body and, as such, it is said that He could descend no further. Rosicrucians teach that it is a law of the Cosmos that no Being, however high, can function in any world without a vehicle built of the material of that world, meaning that Christ was unable to build for Himself a vital body and a dense physical body, as He is said not to be from the human life wave evolution.
Jesus' mother, the Virgin Mary, is also described as a type of the highest human purity and because of that was selected to become the mother of Jesus. His father was a high Initiate (a 'Tekton'[2]), virgin, and capable of performing the act of fecundation as a sacrament, without personal desire or passion (usually known as the doctrine of faith Virgin Birth, an Immaculate Conception). Thus the beautiful, pure and lovely spirit whom we know as Jesus of Nazareth is said to have been born into a pure and passionless body.
Rosicrucians teach that when Jesus, a 'Tekton' himself, was 30 years of age, Christ entered his bodies and used them until the climax of His Mission on Golgotha. This change was consummated with the full and free consent of Jesus, who knew during his entire life that he was preparing a vehicle for Christ. This change may be regarded by some as a form of Ibbur, a concept of the Jewish Kabbalah. He submitted gladly, that his brother humanity might receive the gigantic impetus which was given to its development by the mysterious sacrifice on Golgotha.[3]
Rosicrucians explain that an ordinary man's vital body would have instantly collapsed under the terrific vibrations of the Great Spirit (Christ) who entered Jesus' body. Even that body, pure and high-strung as it was, could not withstand the tremendous strain for many years; the reason why we read in the Bible of certain times when Christ withdrew temporarily from his disciples. This is put forward as an explanation for the findings of nuclear medicine regarding the high levels of "organized emission of radiation" which "produced an image void of a sharp outline such as that on the Turin Shroud".[4]
- See also the Second Coming (of the Christ) according to the Esoteric Christian tradition.
[edit] Christian Science - The man Jesus as distinguished from the eternal Christ
In the theology of Christian Science, Mary Baker Eddy, the religion's founder, wrote in her book, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures that The invisible Christ was imperceptible to the so-called personal senses, whereas Jesus appeared as a bodily existence. This dual personality of the unseen and the seen, the spiritual and material, the eternal Christ and the corporeal Jesus manifest in flesh, continued until the Master's ascension, when the human, material concept, or Jesus, disappeared, while the spiritual self, or Christ, continues to exist in the eternal order of divine Science, taking away the sins of the world, as the Christ has always done, even before the human Jesus was incarnate to mortal eyes. (Science and Health 334) Eddy distinguished between Jesus of Nazareth, born of a virgin, from Jesus' office, divine nature or spiritual selfhood. This eternal Christ is also referred to as the Logos, Word of God, and Light of God (John's Gospel). Eddy also wrote that while Jesus, was not himself, as a material man, the exact ontological or quantative equilavent to God, he thoroughly embodied the spiritual sonship of God's nature. In Christian Science, Jesus' unique role in history, as the son of God is unparalleled, however the Christ, or divine manifestation of God continues forever to enlighten humanity and to destroy sickness, sin, and death. This is corraborated by Christ's own answer to the rich young man who called him "good master" account in the Book of Matthew. In answer, Jesus says, "Why do you call me good, there is none good but one, which is God," Gospel of Matthew (19:17)[5] This teaching, while considered by some traditional trinitarians to be a bland denial of the majority view or doctrine of the divinity of Christ, upon closer analysis, is seen, by Christian Scientists, simply as an explanation of "how" Christ became incarnate and Jesus' unique role as the son of God in helping humanity understand divinity.
Thus in Christian Science the Christ is God's divine message to human consciousness that brings healing to mankind. Jesus fully embodied the divine nature of the Christ representing this nature to us.
In Christian Science literature, there is little in the way of one complete document on Christology, but the nature of the Christ is discussed in many books written by Mary Baker Eddy. For Christian Scientists, Jesus so closely identified himself with his divine Nature that he could say, "He who sees me sees the Father," "I and my Father are one" and all the Jesus' other christological pronouncments. Jesus also referred to his Christ identity, nature or spiritual individuality as having never left Heaven for earth when he referred to himself in John 3:13 saying, "And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the Son of man which is in heaven," as opposed to "the Son of man who was in heaven." Thus, Jesus is more correctly referred to as Jesus the Christ or Christ Jesus than simply as Jesus.
[edit] Islamic view
Muslims recognize Jesus Christ (Isa) as the messiah and prophet of God. In Islam he is considered a Muslim and his second coming is expected to occur all over Muslims.
Muslims believe in his miraculous conception and birth, but not as the son of God. Jesus would also lead Muslims in the final victory over those that disbelieved him or misidentified him as the son of God, what is considered as the highest sin in Islam, and against the antichrist [see Book of hadith by Imam Bukhari]. Muslims also believe that Jesus was not crucified neither he has died but was raised to Heaven by God.
[edit] Expansions and appropriations of "Christ"
"Christ" has taken on such power and significance as a theological, religious and devotional term that it has been appropriated and expanded by various theologians and religious writers so as to take it beyond the Christian context (in which "Christ" refers strictly to Jesus as the second member of the Trinity).
One belief is the idea or concept that "Jesus became Christ," i.e., his "flesh was transformed to spirits." By taking a spiritual and good path through life, Jesus was reunited with his true holy nature, (redeemed) and preserved forever in God. In this view, this psychic force is often called "the Christ," or sometimes "Christ consciousness," drawing a separation between God (whose nature some maintain we cannot fathom or comprehend) and the Holy Spirit, which can be experienced (through Jesus) and is therefore compatibile with our mortal and frail humanity. Matthew Fox sometimes speaks of "the Cosmic Christ."
In Eastern religious traditions, "God" is often described by both, personifications (deities) which are manifestations of particular aspects of God's power, and incarnations (avatars) of God in mortal form as in case of Krishna (aka Chrishn) who is considered as "The Father" in Hinduism. In these religions, "the Christ" is akin to these personifications. A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada who coined the phrase 'Krishna Consciousness', held Jesus' teachings as non-different from the Hindu, Vedic scriptures, and others such as Paramahansa Yogananda often wrote about a "Christ Consciousness" interchangeably with "Krishna Consciousness".
[edit] Contemporary usage
Modern Christian non-denominational organizations such a the True Worshipper Ecclesiastical Association (TWEA) use the respective connotations of the names "Jesus" and "Christ" in a more expansive and complementary way. For example, the doctrinal treatise, entitled The Landscape of Truth describes Jesus as the eternal savior of that which is pure in human kind, while the Landscape describes the Old Testament priestly designation "anointed one", i.e. "Christ", as being the only one who can stand in the eternal Most Holy Place of the Jewish Temple, which represents the eternal fulfilled soul of God and his purified worshippers in the savior, the Christ.
The use of "X", derived from Chi, the Greek alphabet initial, as an abbreviation for Christ (most commonly in the abbreviation "Xmas") is often misinterpreted as a modern secularization of the term. Thus understoof, the centuries-old English word Xmas, is actually a shortened form of CHmas, which is, itself, a shortened form for CHristmas. In fact, the use of "X" to represent the full word goes back to the earliest days of Greek Christianity.
[edit] Slang usage
The interjection "Christ!" is often used as a sign of surprise or anger, without a direct religious reference - that is, as an exclamation. Devout Christians find this usage blasphemous, as they feel it violates the Mosaic Commandment against taking the Lord's name in vain, as well as the instructions of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount according to the Gospels, to "never swear". However, it might also be regarded as an unconventional kind of prayer. Common euphemisms that have arisen for this usage include "For crying out loud!" (US) and "Crikey" (UK, Aus.), used as an alternative by people reluctant to swear using the actual name.
"Christ" is also the name of a British humour fanzine.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Max Heindel, The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception (Part III, Chapter XV: Christ and His Mission), November 1909, ISBN 0-911274-34-0
- ^ The word 'Tekton'; Greek original τέκτων, tektōn, means "builder" or "Mason" [1], usually mistranslated as "carpenter", ξυλουργός [2]. Passages from the NT in Text Receptus and Byzantine: Matthew 13:55 "ουχ ουτος εστιν ο του τεκτονος υιος (...)"; Mark 6:3 "ουχ ουτος εστιν ο τεκτων ο υιος (...)".
- ^ The Rosicrucian Fellowship, The Mystery of Golgotha
- ^ ACCETTA, August D., M.D.- [August 2000], {{PDFlink|Nuclear Medicine and Its Relevance to the Shroud of Turin (From the Sindone 2000 Shroud Conference in Orvieto, Italy) (15 photos) An earlier version of this paper titled, "Experiments with Radiation as an Image Formation Mechanism" was first presented at the June 1999 Richmond Conference (science papers available)
- ^ King James Bible, Matthew 19:17, Bible (King James Version)
- Ludwig Ott, Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma, 1957.
- Joshua McDowell and Don Stewart, Handbook of Today's Religions, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1983.
- Tom Harpur, "The Pagan Christ. Recovering the Lost Light." Thomas Allen Publishers, Toronto, (2004)
[edit] External links
- Christ means Anointed to be King of the Kingdom
- Jewish prophecies about Christ, About-Jesus.org
- A. J. Maas, Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ, Catholic Encyclopedia
- Paul A. Hughes, The Gnostic Christ: Gnosticism vs. Christianity
- Norman D. Livergood, The Christ concept in Esoteric Christianity
- The Etymological Derivation Of The Name "Christ", NZs Hare Krishna Spiritual Network
- Linkages Between Two God-Men Saviors: Christ and Krishna, religioustolerance.org
- Specific Similarities Between the Lives of Jesus and Krishna, religioustolerance.org
- Orthodox Outlet for Dogmatic Enquiries
- Latin harmony of the Four Gospels: «Live» of Jesus (1)
- Latin harmony of the Four Gospels: «Live» of Jesus (2)
- Latter-day Saint statement on the divinity of Jesus Christ
