Chlorocebus

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Vervet monkeys

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Family:	Cercopithecidae
Subfamily:	Cercopithecinae
Genus:	Chlorocebus Gray, 1870

Type species

Simia aethiops
Linnaeus, 1766

Species

Chlorocebus sabaceus
Chlorocebus aethiops
Chlorocebus djamdjamensis
Chlorocebus tantalus
Chlorocebus pygerythrus
Chlorocebus cynosuros

The vervet monkeys or green monkeys are medium-sized primates from the family of Old World monkeys. There are six species currently recognized, although some classify them all as a single species with six subspecies. Either way, they make up the entirety of the genus Chlorocebus.

These monkeys are found only in sub-Saharan Africa; their range extends from Senegal and Ethiopia down to South Africa. A small population, which travelled with enslaved Africans as pets, are found in the Caribbean, especially on the islands of Barbados and Saint Kitts, and a colony also exists in Broward County, Florida [1].

The dorsal fur of the vervet monkey varies by species from pale yellow through grey-green brown to dark brown, while the lower portion and the hair ring around the face is a whitish yellow. The face, hands, and feet are hairless and black, although their abdomenal skin is bluish. Males have a bright blue scrotum and red penis. Vervet monkeys reach an adult size of from 40 to 43 cm for males and 34 to 39 cm for females, with a tail measuring 30 to 50 cm long. Males weigh from 4 to 4.5 kg and females weigh from 2.5 to 3.5 kg.

Unlike the closely related guenons, vervets are not primarily forest dwellers, rather, they are semi-arboreal and semi-terrestrial, spending most of the day on the ground feeding and then sleeping at night in the trees. However they must drink each day and are dependent on water, so they are never far from rivers or lakes. Like most other members of the Cercopithecoidea superfamily, they have cheek pouches for storing food. They are diurnal, and are particularly active in the early morning and in the later afternoon or early evening.

Green monkeys live in large groups, which can consist of some males, many females and their offspring and can be as large as 80 animals. The group hierarchy plays an important role: dominant males and females are given priority in the search for food, and are groomed by subordinate members of the group. While young males must leave their group once they are fully mature, females remain and take on the role of their mothers. These monkeys are territorial animals, and a group can occupy an area of approximately 0.1 to 1 km². They use a wide variety of vocalizations, with which they warn off members of other groups from their territory. Facial expressions and body posturing serve as additional communication tools.

Vervet monkeys are omnivores. The majority of their diet, however, is grasses and fruits. Occasionally they also eat small vertebrates and insects. On the island of Saint Kitts, vervet monkeys will commonly steal brightly coloured alcoholic drinks left behind by tourists on the beach. Many tourists have also found out these monkeys will deliver a powerful bite if they are cornered. Care should be taken when approaching any vervet monkeys. If at one point they were domesticated in the centuries gone past, they are no longer.

In order to signal mating readiness, the female presents her vulva to the male. Since groups are made of several more females than males, each male mates with several females. Males do not take part in raising the young, but other females of the group (the "aunties") take part in sharing the burden. The dominance hierarchy also comes into play here, as the offspring of the more dominant group members get preferrential treatment. The gestation time is about 160 days, and births are typically of a single young. The births usually happen at the beginning of the rainy season, when there is sufficient food available. The young are weaned at about 6 months of age and are fully mature in 2 to 3 years. The life expectancy of the green monkeys is 13 years in captivity, and about 10-12 years in the wild.

1 Human interaction and the monkeys habitat
2 Classification and species
3 Use in scientific research and vaccine production
4 References
5 External links
6 References

[edit] Human interaction and the monkeys habitat

In the case of the Caribbean islands, interaction between monkeys and humans continues to be a problem. On the island of Barbados, farmers complain about the monkeys damaging their crops, and many try to find ways to keep the monkeys at bay. On Halloween of 2006 a monkey was suspected in being the cause of an island-wide blackout. The monkey plunged the entire island of Barbados into blackout for 8 hours after climbing a light pole and tripping an 11,000 & 24,000 volt powerline early that morning. [2], [3], [4], [5]

[edit] Classification and species

The classification of the vervets is undergoing change. They were previously lumped together with the medium-sized arboreal African monkeys of the Cercopithecus genus, the guenons, where they were classified as a single species, Cercopithecus aethiops. More species and subspecies are expected to be identified as scientists study this genus further.

Genus Chlorocebus
- Green Monkey, Chlorocebus sabaceus
- Grivet, Chlorocebus aethiops
- Bale Mountains Vervet, Chlorocebus djamdjamensis
- Tantalus Monkey, Chlorocebus tantalus
  - Chlorocebus tantalus tantalus
  - Chlorocebus tantalus budgetti
  - Chlorocebus tantalus marrensis
- Vervet Monkey, Chlorocebus pygerythrus
- Malbrouck, Chlorocebus cynosuros

[edit] Use in scientific research and vaccine production

The African green monkey has been the focus of much scientific research since the 1950s, and its tissues are still used today to produce polio vaccines.[6] Vero cells are a continuous cell line derived from epithelial cells of the African green monkey kidney, and are widely used for research in immunology and infectious disease.

[edit] References

Groves, Colin (16 November 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 158-160. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.