Children of God

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This article is about the religious group. For the 1987 album by the American post-punk band, Swans, see Children Of God (album).

The Children of God (COG), later known as the Family of Love, the Family, and now the Family International, is a new religious movement, that fits the definitions of a cult used by cult watch organizations and and some government organizations, that started in 1968 in Huntington Beach, California, United States. It was part of the Jesus movement of the late 1960s, with many of its early converts drawn from the hippie movement. It was among the movements prompting the cult controversy of the 1970s and 1980s in the United States and Europe and triggered the first organized anticult group (FREECOG).

As it grew and expanded around the world, so did its message—salvation, apocalypticism, spiritual "revolution" against the outside world that they called "the System"—and resultant controversy. In 1974, it began a method of evangelism called flirty fishing—using sex to show God's love and win converts and support. The practice was discontinued in 1987. Their founder and prophetic leader, David Berg, communicated with his followers via Mo Letters—letters of instruction and counsel on a myriad of spiritual and practical subjects—until his death in late 1994. After his death, his widow Karen Zerby became the leader of the Family.

The group’s liberal sexuality and its publication and distribution of writings, photographs and videos advocating and documenting adult-child sexual contact and the sexualization of children led to numerous reports of child sexual abuse. A number of judicial and academic investigations in the 1990s found the Family to be a safe environment for children, yet such investigations have also highlighted troubles in its past. Family leadership, admitting only that some children were abused from 1978 until 1986, created policies prohibiting excessive discipline or any sexual contact between adults and minors. Those found to have abused children after December 1988 are excommunicated from Family membership. The Family requires individuals who report child abuse to a law enforcement agency or pursue legal action against an alleged abuser to leave the group's communal homes and move to a lower commitment membership status until the matter is resolved, after which they must reapply for their former membership status if they wish to return.

The January 2005 murder of a former member by the leader's son Ricky Rodriguez (who had also left the group several years earlier) and his subsequent suicide shocked both members and former members, and led to considerable, renewed media attention.

Contents

[edit] Beliefs

Main article: Beliefs of the Children of God

Theologians have placed the Family's basic theology within the historical Christian tradition, although they have numerous unorthodox beliefs. To some extent, they identify with and are seen as fundamentalist Christians, though some of their more radical beliefs and practices are regarded as non-traditional, even heretical, by most fundamentalist Christians and theologians.

The Family International claims the Bible to be the inspired Word of God and sacred revelation. Group founder David Berg is regarded as the most important prophet of the end times. He is regarded as a prophet in that he passed on the message of God, not because he could predict the future. Though he frequently attempted to predict future events, he was for the most part inaccurate. The group believes Berg's spiritual "mantle" passed to his wife, Karen Zerby, at his death. The officially published writings of both David Berg and Karen Zerby are regarded as part of the "Word of God."

They believe that the Great Commission of evangelizing the world is the duty of every Christian, and that their lives should be dedicated to the service of God and others. They have several levels of membership, and the most committed, "Family Disciples," live communally. They also encourage having children. While birth control was initially highly discouraged, the choice is currently left to the individual and is not uncommon in practice, though it is still officially regarded as indicative of a lack of trust in God's plan.

A central tenet to their theology is the "Law of Love," which stated simply claims that if a person's actions are motivated by unselfish, sacrificial love and are not intentionally hurtful to others, such actions are in accordance with Scripture and are, thus, lawful in the eyes of God. They believe that this tenet supersedes all other Biblical laws, except those forbidding male homosexuality, which they believe is sin. Female bisexuality is sanctioned, though female homosexuality at the complete exclusion of men is not permitted. They believe that God created human sexuality, that it is a natural, emotional, and physical need, and that heterosexual relations between consenting adults is a pure and natural wonder of God's creation, and permissible according to Scripture. Teenagers from the age of 16 are allowed to have sex with other members under age 21. Since 1986, sex between minors and adults is forbidden. Adult members may have sex with any other adult member of the opposite sex, and are encouraged to do so, regardless of marital status, as a way to foster unity and combat loneliness of those "in need". This is commonly called "sharing" or "sacrificial sex". While Family policy states that members should not be pressured to have sex against their will, numerous former members have alleged being coerced to "share" and subsequently cast as selfish or unloving when they did not.

They believe that they are now living in the time period known in the Bible as the "Last Days" or the "Time of the End," which is the era immediately preceding the return of Jesus Christ. Before that event, they believe that the world will be ruled for seven years by the Antichrist, who will create a one-world government. At the half-way point in his rule he will become completely possessed by Satan, precipitating a time of troubles known as the Great Tribulation which will bring intense persecution of Christians as well as stupendous natural and unnatural disasters. At the end of this period, faithful Christians will be taken to heaven in an event known as the Rapture that is shortly followed by a battle between Jesus and the Antichrist commonly known as the "Battle of Armageddon", in which the Antichrist is defeated. Jesus Christ reigns on Earth for 1000 years, a period they call the Millennium.

The Family's official summary statement of their beliefs can be found here: [1]

[edit] Recent teachings

The Family's recent teachings center around beliefs that they have termed the "new [spiritual] weapons." The Family believes that they are soldiers in the spiritual war of good versus evil for the souls and hearts of men. Although some of the following beliefs are not new to the Family, they have assumed greater importance in recent years.

Prophecy
In Family jargon, the traditional definition of prophecy—a prediction of the future—has been expanded to refer to any message received from the "spirit world" from Jesus, deceased founder David Berg, or another "spirit helper" (see below). A great emphasis has been placed on each member regularly using prophecy to guide their daily lives. Although prophecy, also referred to as "channeling," has been a part of the movement from the beginning, it has assumed greater significance under Karen Zerby's leadership. It has been noted by scholars that the Family is unique among new religious movements in its decentralization and democratization of divine guidance.
Spirit Helpers
These include angels, departed humans, and even famous mythical characters, e.g. goddess Aphrodite, who are sent to give instruction and to fight in the spiritual warfare taking place in the spiritual dimension that Family members believe is coexistent with the physical world that surrounds them. These helpers are believed to relay divine messages through prophecy and are also engaged in combat with Satan and his demons. The Family believes that referring by name to spirit helpers when calling on their help, or demons when rebuking or cursing them, affords greater power to their prayers. As a result, the Family regularly publishes names of individual, as well groups or breeds of, spirit helpers and demons, linking them with their respective areas of power within the physical world.
The Keys of the Kingdom
The Family believes that the keys referred to in the Biblical passage "and I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven" (Matthew 16:19), have assumed greater significance today. As such, Family members call on the various Keys of the Kingdom for supposed extra effect during prayer. These spiritual keys are also believed to power various UFOs and other spacecraft (known as Key Craft), and can turn into swords for the purpose of fighting demons and other negative forces.
Loving Jesus
This is a term that members of the Family use to describe their intimate, sexual relationship with Jesus. The Family describes the "Loving Jesus" teachings as a radical form of bridal theology [2]. It is their understanding of the Bible that the followers of Christ are his bride, called to love and serve him with the fervor of a wife. They take bridal theology further than other Christians by encouraging members to imagine that Jesus is having sex with them during sexual intercourse and masturbation. Male members are told to visualize themselves as women, in order to avoid a homosexual relationship with Jesus. Additionally, Family publications frequently liken prophecy from Jesus to receiving Jesus' semen, or "golden seeds," as a result of spiritual oral sex.

The Family continues to stress the imminent Second Coming of Christ, preceded by the rise of a worldwide government led by the "Antichrist." Doctrines regarding the "end times" influence virtually all long-term decision making.

[edit] History

[edit] The Children of God (1968-1977)

The founder of the movement was a former Christian and Missionary Alliance pastor, David Brandt Berg (1919-1994), also known within the group as Moses David, Mo, Father David, and Dad to adult group members and eventually as Grandpa to the group's youngest members.

Members of the Children of God founded communes, first called "colonies", but now referred to as "homes," in various cities around the world. They would proselytize in the streets and distribute literature. New converts who joined the movement memorized scripture, went through a course of Bible knowledge classes, and were expected to emulate the lives of early Christians while rejecting mainstream denominational Christianity.

In common with converts to some other religions, and in keeping with Biblical custom, most incoming members adopted a new "Bible" name.

Berg communicated with his followers through his more than 3,000 published letters written over 24 years, referred to as "Mo Letters" by members of the group. By January 1972, Berg introduced through his letters that he was God's prophet for this time, further establishing his spiritual authority within the group. Nonetheless, Berg freely acknowledged his failings and weaknesses.[1]

At the end of 1972, COG members had distributed approximately 42 million Christian tracts, mostly on God's salvation and America's doom. Street distribution of Berg's Letters (called "litnessing") became the COG's predominant method of both outreach and support for the next five years.

The Children of God ended as an organizational entity in February 1978. Reports of serious misconduct, financial mismanagement, and abuse of their positions by a number of established leaders, including the opposition of some to flirty fishing, caused Berg to reorganize the movement. He dismissed over 300 of the movement's leaders and declared the general dissolution of the COG structure. This shift was known as the "Reorganization Nationalization Revolution" (RNR). A third of the total membership left the movement, and those who remained became part of the reorganized movement, dubbed the Family of Love, and later, simply the Family. Most of the group's beliefs, however, remained the same. [2]

[edit] The Family of Love (1978-1981)

The Family of Love era was characterized by expansion into more countries. Regular prostelyzation methods included "door to door", distributing tracts and other gospel literature, and organized classes on various aspects of Christian life, with heavy use of Family music.

In 1974, David Berg introduced a new prostelyzation method called Flirty Fishing (or FFing), which encouraged female members to show God's love by engaging in sexual activity with potential converts. Flirty Fishing was practiced by members of Berg's inner circle starting in 1973, and was later introduced to the general membership. By 1978, it was widely practiced by members of the group. In some areas, Flirty Fishers used escort agencies to meet people. According to the Family, as a result of Flirty Fishing, "over 100,000 received God's gift of salvation through Jesus, and some chose to live the life of a disciple and missionary."[2] According to data provided by the Family to researcher Bill Bainbridge, from 1974 until 1987 Family members had sexual contact with 223,989 people while practicing Flirty Fishing.[3] Flirty Fishing also resulted in the birth of many children, including Karen Zerby's son, Davidito (aka Rick Rodriguez). Children born as result of Flirty Fishing were referred to as "Jesus Babies". By the end of 1981, over 300 "Jesus Babies" had been born.

In an official statement on its origins, the Family International partly describes the practice of Flirty Fishing as follows:

“ In part as a response to the sexual liberality of the early '70s, Father David presented a more intimate and personal, voluntary form of evangelism, which became known as "Flirty Fishing" or "FFing." ...Father David proposed that the boundaries of expressing God's love to others could at times go beyond just showing kindness and doing good deeds. He suggested that for those who were in dire need of physical love and affection, even sex could be used as evidence to them of the Lord's love. ...The motivation, guiding principle, and reasoning behind the FFing ministry was that through this sacrificial proof of love, some would better accept and understand God's great love for them. The goal was that they would come to believe in and receive God's own loving gift of salvation through His Son, Jesus, who gave His life for them. By this unorthodox method David felt many would find the Lord's love and salvation, who never would have otherwise. ...

Although we no longer practice FFing, we believe the scriptural principles behind the ministry remain sound. [2]

 ”

In his judgment of a child custody court case in England in 1994, after extensive research of Family publications and the testimony of numerous witnesses, Lord Justice Sir Alan Ward said the following about FFing:

“ I am quite satisfied that most of the women who engaged in this activity and the subsequent refinement of ESing, (which was finding men through escort agencies), did so in the belief that they were spreading God's word. But I am also totally satisfied that that was not Berg's only purpose. He and his organization had another and more sordid reason. They were procuring women to become common prostitutes. They were knowingly living in part on the earnings of prostitution. That was criminal activity. Their attempts to deny this must be dismissed as cant and hypocrisy. To deny that the girls were acting as prostitutes because "we are not charging but we expect people to show their thanks and their appreciation and they ought to give more for love than if we charged them" is an unacceptable form of special pleading. The "FFers handbook" told the girls that fishing could be fun but fun did not pay the bills. "You've got to catch a few to make the fun pay for itself. So don't do it for nothing."[4] ”

A judge in Italy came to a different conclusion in 1991, deciding that flirty fishing was not prostitution (see Tribunale Penale di Roma (Criminal Court of Rome), November 15, 1991, re: Berg and others, and in the archives of the Criminal Court of Rome (RG 3841/84)). The judge concluded that it was only in "the last months of 1977 Berg started counseling the members that it was permissible for proselyting reasons to offer sexual contacts and services to perspective [sic] members, the more so when the latter were potentially good financial contributors to the cult." Among the Children of God, the judge argued, flirty fishing was not understood as prostitution but "as a personal contribution to the humanitarian aims that the sect always claimed to pursue."

Flirty Fishing was officially abandoned in 1987 in favor of other witnessing methods and also to avoid contracting AIDS. In 1987, new rules were introduced that banned, under penalty of excommunication, sexual contact with non-members. However, the new rules also stated that exceptions to the rule would be allowed in certain cases. For example, one publication stated: "All sex with outsiders is banned!--Unless they are already close and well-known friends!" [3]

[edit] The Family (1982-1994)

By 1982, more Family members had moved to southern and eastern parts of the world. At the end of 1983, the Family was reporting 10,000 fulltime members living in 1,642 Family homes. Additionally, the Family's Music With Meaning radio club had by this time grown to almost 20,000 members. According to statistics by the Family, at this time proselytization efforts were resulting in an average of 200,000 conversions to Christ and distribution of nearly 30 million pages of literature per month.

Berg's writings continued to contribute to suspicions about the movement's care of their children. Berg claimed to be challenging modern-day taboos about adult/child sexuality, and many believe that Berg ignored society's boundaries. At least six women, including both his daughters, his daughter-in-law and two of his granddaughters, have publicly alleged that Berg sexually abused them when they were children.

A childcare manual published by the group in January of 1982 described the education, home life, and care of the son of Karen Zerby, known as Davidito or Ricky Rodriguez. The 762-page book, which was intended to be an example of child rearing, also included at least a dozen photographs depicting the child engaged in sexual play with his governesses, particularly Sara Kelley (also known as Sara Davidito or Prisca Kelley). The group later ordered this book to be heavily sanitized and, eventually, destroyed completely. In the late 1990s, it was reprinted in sanitized form. Some pages from the original edition have been posted online: Story Of Davidito.

According to the Family's account, reports of sexual abuse began to filter to the top of the group's leadership in 1988 . This prompted Berg to renounce his ideas regarding adult/child sex, writing: "We do not approve of sex with minors, and hereby renounce any writings of anyone in our Family which may seem to do so! We absolutely forbid it! — Berg, 12/88" [5]

In March 1989, the Family issued a statement which stated that, in "early 1985" an urgent memorandum was sent to all of its members "reminding them that any such activities [adult-child sexual contact] are strictly forbidden within our group."[5] (emphasis in original). In January 2005, Claire Borowik, spokesperson for the Family International, issued a statement that said, "Due to the fact that our current zero-tolerance policy regarding sexual interaction between adults and underage minors was not clearly stated in our literature published before 1986, we came to the realization that during a transitional stage of our movement, from 1978 until 1986, there were cases when some minors were subject to sexually inappropriate advances... This was corrected officially in 1986, when any contact between an adult and minor (any person under 21 years of age) was declared an excommunicable offense.[4]"

In December 1988, the Family implemented a policy that forbade adult-child sexual contact on penalty of excommunication (expulsion from the movement). This policy was not retroactive. Members who file charges or pursue other legal action against those excommunicated for child abuse are required to leave the Family or move to a different membership status until the matter is resolved, explained in the June 2003 Charter amendments[6] in the Rights of Children (pg. 22) and the Right of Redress (pg. 51) sections.

In the 1990s, numerous allegations of child sexual abuse were brought against The Family around the world, in locations including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, France, Italy, Japan, Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden, the UK, the USA, and Venezuela. Family leadership has maintained that they did not sanction or condone the sexual abuse of children, and that government-led investigations and court cases did not find evidence of abuse in the 750 children they examined.[citation needed] An outline of some court cases, selected excerpts of some court rulings, newspaper editorials and other material that supports the group's positions can be found at [5]. Some court documents can be found in the Court Cases section below.

Karen Zerby, writing in a 1995 internal publication titled "An Answer to Him That Asketh Us", stated: "Because of the insight Dad [Berg] gave into the Scriptures which granted us a great deal of sexual freedom, without clearly stated explicit restrictions that prohibited all sexual activity between adults and minors, it resulted in actions that caused harm to some children. He must therefore bear responsibility for the harm. ... As the author of the Letters, he accepts the blame, but this doesn't mean that everyone else is completely blameless. Anyone who attempted to use the Law of Love to justify any unloving, selfish or hurtful behavior is responsible before God for it."

According to Eileen Barker's book An Introduction to New Religious Movements, the group has been acquitted of all charges of sexual abuse of children. Other researchers have concurred that there is no evidence of greater sexual activity amongst teenagers in the Family than in society at large. [7]

[edit] Family transformation in the 1990s

In the early 1990s, Family members took advantage of the newly opened Eastern Europe (following the fall of communism) and expanded their evangelisation campaigns eastward, alongside many other religious groups. The production and dissemination of millions of pieces of Christian literature earned them the colloquial name "the poster people."

The early 1990s also saw the launch of what the Family terms their "Consider the Poor" (CTP) ministries. Expanding their outreach beyond proselytization, members began providing material aid to the poor and disadvantaged. Family members became active in disaster relief efforts, the provision and distribution of humanitarian aid, musical benefit programs for refugees, visitation to hospitals, and similar activities.

[edit] The Family (1995-2003)

After Berg's death in October 1994, Karen Zerby, known in the group as Mama Maria, Queen Maria, Maria David or Maria Fontaine, took over leadership of the group. She then married her longtime partner, Steven Douglas Kelly, an American known in the group as Peter Amsterdam or King Peter (legally changed his name to Christopher Smith). He became her traveling representative due to Zerby's reclusive separation from most of her followers.

In February 1995, the group introduced the Love Charter [6], which defined the rights and responsibilities of Charter members and Homes. The Charter also includes the "Fundamental Family Rules", a summary of rules and guidelines from past Family publications which were still in effect with the enactment of the Charter.

The Charter established a new way of living within the organization, allowing members greater freedom to choose and follow their pursuits. The rights referred to in the Charter were what a member could expect to receive from the group and how members were to be treated by leadership and fellow members. The responsibilities referred to were what members were expected to give to the group if they wished to remain full-time members, including tithing ten percent of their income to World Services, giving three percent to the "Family Aid Fund," set up to support needy field situations, and one percent to regional "common pots", which are used for local projects, activities, and fellowships. The Charter also states that it or any part of it can be revoked at any time by World Services. The Charter, presently in its second edition, has been subsequently amended over the years according to changes within the group.

In a 1995 court case, the Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Alan Ward decided that the group, including some of its top leadership, had engaged in abusive sexual practices involving minors and that they had also engaged in severe corporal punishment and sequestration of minors. However, he concluded that the Family had abandoned these practices and that they were a safe environment for children. Nevertheless, he did require that the group cease all corporal punishment of children in the United Kingdom and denounce any of Berg's writings that were "responsible for children in the Family having been subjected to sexually inappropriate behaviour."

Also in 1995, Karen Zerby introduced a new doctrine teaching all members as young as 12, but more fully from the age of 14, that Jesus wished to engage in a sexual relationship with them. This doctrine is known as the Loving Jesus revelation. Family publications describe practicing this doctrine as optional to retaining membership, but stress that greater blessings and spiritual rewards are reserved for those who perform it regularly.

[edit] The Family International (2004-present)

In 2004, the movement's name was changed to the Family International. However, Family homes were told that they could retain their former names so long as they do not conceal their affiliation with the Family International.

In 2004, there were major internal changes in the group. Internal publications spoke of arresting a general trend towards a less dedicated lifestyle, and the need for recommitment to the group's mission of fervent proselytization. In the second half of 2004, a six-month renewal period was held to help members refocus their priorities. Membership was reorganized and new levels of membership were introduced. Members now fall into the following categories: Family Disciples (FD), Missionary Members (MM), Fellow Members (FM), Active Members (AM), and General Members (GM).

The Love Charter governs Family Disciples, while the Missionary Member Statutes and Fellow Member Statutes were written for the governance of the Family's Missionary member and Fellow Member circles, respectively. Family Disciple homes are reviewed every six months against an annunciated set of criteria.

According to Family statistics, at the beginning of 2005 there were 1,238 Family homes and 10,202 members worldwide. Of those, 266 Homes and 4884 members were FD, 255 Homes and 1,769 members were MM, and 717 Homes and 3,549 members were FM. Statistics on AM and GM categories are currently unavailable.

[edit] Issues

[edit] Child abduction

Main article: Child Abduction in the Children of God

Since the late 1970s, there have been increasing reports of children of former members being abducted and moved to other countries to prevent their parents, law enforcement authorities and child welfare agencies from finding them. An investigation into the whereabouts of four missing children, whose mother, Ruth Frouman [7], was expelled from the group in July 1987, eight months after being diagnosed with breast cancer, and not allowed to leave with her children, resulted in police raids [8] on ten Family homes in Buenos Aires, Argentina in September 1993.[9] Two of her children were returned to their father in May 1993. The other two abducted children were not reunited with their father and their other relatives until mid-1997.

Although official Family spokespersons have rarely made any public statements about specific child abduction cases involving its members, members of the Family claim that there is some evidence that the Family's policies and practices regarding child abduction and child custody began to change in the mid-1990s. In February 1995, several months after the death of its founder, the Family introduced to its members a rule book known as the Love Charter or the Charter of Rights and Responsibilities. Section 60, Permanent Marital Separation Rules, states that couples with children must come to a mutual written agreement regarding the separation and the custody of the children and that obtaining a legal divorce and child custody order is optional.[10] This policy stated that it only applied to marital separations after February 1995. The June 2003 amendments state that if the parties involved cannot reach a mutual agreement and "opt to use the court system to settle the matter," they must "relinquish Charter membership until the matter is settled."[6]

At least one Family member, Peter Bevan Riddell, is known to have been convicted of crimes relating to child abduction. In 1984, the Australian government canceled Riddell's passport and he was deported from Japan to Australia, where he was convicted of committing forgery and making false statements to facilitate unlawful abduction. He later returned to Japan, where he continued working on behalf of David Berg and Karen Zerby in World Services.[11] Another Family member, Brian Edward Pickus, has been wanted for decades on an Interpol warrant issued by the United States and the state of Hawaii for kidnapping, burglary and unlawful flight to avoid prosecution.[12]

[edit] The second generation

Second-generation adults, adults who were born and/or raised in the Family International, are known in the group as "SGAs" and have assumed many if not the majority of leadership positions in the organization. This includes chairmanships of international, regional, and national boards.

However, as with other high-commitment religious groups, many second-generation members have left to pursue secular careers or higher education, and raise their children in a drastically different environment than the one they were raised in. There is a great deal of anti-Family sentiment amongst some of those who have left, including threats to legally pursue alleged physical and sexual abusers, whom, some allege, have been shielded from prosecution by the group's leadership. The Family International has claimed that anecdotal evidence suggests most former second-generation members have chosen to remain publicly silent about their experiences in the group, and that this public silence suggests they have cordial relations with those still in it.

Many of these former Missionary Kids have returned to the country of their citizenship and have, thus, become Third Culture Kids (TCKs). Many have also kept in communication with each other. A notable example of this is their use of the site MovingOn.org[8], established by a former second-generation member in 2001.

Many who have remained in the group have been vocal in their defense of the Family's lifestyle, for example at MyConclusion.com[9], a site established by second-generation members of the Family International shortly after the January 2005 murder-suicide of Rick Rodriguez and Angela Smith.

Members of the Family International are encouraged to maintain friendly relations with relatives who have left. However, they are also discouraged from associating with relatives that are considered enemies of the Family, and have in the past frequently appeared on television programs around the world to denounce their children and siblings who spoke against the group.

There are many former second generation members that have reported crimes to law enforcement agencies, testified against the group in court cases involving its members, and publicly expressed negative opinions about the group's members and practices. The Family uses the sociological/religious term apostates to describe these former members and has argued that their testimony is unreliable and less credible than that of current members. The Family has also argued that second generation members who alleged they were abused in the group are mentally unstable, demonically possessed, or highly paid by the anti-cult movement to lie about the Family. Some second generation former members resent the apostate label, as most of them did not make the choice to join the group, and thus feel they cannot rightly be called apostates.

[edit] Secrecy

Family members are expected to respect the legal and civil authorities of countries in which they live, and members have typically cooperated with appointed authorities, even during police and social service raids of their communities in the early 1990s. [10] However, a controversial belief that is still taught and practiced by members of the group maintains that it is right to lie to non-members (or "unbelievers") in order to protect God's work. This belief is commonly referred to as "deceivers yet true"[13].

A consistent trait throughout the history of The Family has been their aversion to government oversight and extreme secrecy surrounding leadership and finances. World Services (WS), the central administrative wing of The Family, continues to operate in seclusion, with very few members of The Family knowing their whereabouts.

It is not uncommon for senior leaders to legally change their names. There have been allegations that members of the Family, including senior leaders, have used forged or fraudulently obtained passports and other identity documents from Australia, Canada, the United States and other countries. Senior leadership typically still attempt to keep their legal names from common circulation, although this has became more difficult through the second half of the 1990s, due to legal action in many countries. In particular, a major court case in England brought to light many formerly guarded names of senior members.

In the Family's publications, printed photographs of WS members were typically censored by means of a rudimentary pencil drawing over the person's face. It was not uncommon in Family-produced art for Berg's head to be replaced with that of a lion.

Following the death of David Berg in 1994, members of the Family and the public were finally allowed to see up-to-date photographs of the organization's late founder. For many members, this was the first time they had seen a photograph of his face. In recent years, Steven Kelly has carried pictures of Karen Zerby with him on travels to show members, since most had never seen a picture of their spiritual leader prior to this. Although, by now, most of the group's members have seen photographs or video footage of Karen Zerby and Steven Kelly, their identities and location are still heavily guarded by members working closest to them. Recent photographs or video footage of Karen Zerby, Steven Kelly, and most WS members were not readily available even to full-time members of The Family until March 2005, when several recent photographs were leaked online[14]. This marked the first time that recent photographs of Karen Zerby were made available to the public in nearly 30 years.

[edit] Finances

Family finances are based on a system of tithing. Ten percent of all members' income is required to be donated to World Services. A further three percent is donated to regional offices for locally administered projects and a community lending program, and an additional one percent is given for regional literature publishing. Supplementary giving to Family offices and leadership, beyond the typical 14% of income, is encouraged, and fairly common in practice.

A study of how the Family channels funds around the world is interesting from a sociological angle since it depends largely on trust of carefully placed, non-senior members who typically manage bank accounts that contain organization funds in their own names. Despite this, very little graft has been experienced, and notable cases have involved insubstantial amounts of money.

Organization literature includes many discussions of impending global financial doom. As a result, the Family has gone to considerable lengths to avoid investments and actions that it deems unstable in the event of a financial crash. Typically, reserves are stored in Japanese yen, Swiss francs, or gold. The Family has consistently avoided property investments and stocks or bonds, believing them to be contrary to the scriptural requirements for Christian discipleship and their end time beliefs.

[edit] Criticism

The group has regularly been heavily criticized by the press and the anti-cult movement. In 1971, an organization called FREECOG was founded by concerned family members of followers, including deprogrammer Ted Patrick, to "free" them from their involvement in the group.

Frequently, critics of the movement cite the writings of David Berg, as well as incidents of alleged criminal behavior by individuals. Family International members, meanwhile, argue that the entirety of Berg's writings do not reflect the organiztion's fundamental beliefs (contained in the "Statement of Faith") or policies (contained in the Love Charter, published in 1995). Likewise, they reject the concept of the entire group being blamed for the wrongdoing of individuals, even when involving members at the highest levels of leadership.

The controversy over the movement has generated strong feelings in both current and former members. An example of the contrasting interpretations of Family life can be seen in the accounts of second generation members: former members at MovingOn.org and (mostly) current members at MyConclusion.com[9].

[edit] Programs, projects, and productions

Main article: Programs, projects, and productions of the Children of God.

The Family International has numerous programs, local foundations, and projects through which it operates around the world. The largest of these are the Family Care Foundation (FCF), Aurora Production AG, and Activated Ministries.

[edit] Leadership and management

Main article: Leadership and Management of the Children Of God.

The leadership of The Family International is headed by:

  • Karen Elva Zerby
    • Spiritual leader of The Family International
    • American
    • Legally changed her name to Katherine Rianna Smith, 4-Nov-1997
    • Aliases: Mama Maria, Maria Fontaine, Maria David, Maria Berg, Queen Maria
  • Steven Douglas Kelly
    • Head-leader of The Family International
    • American
    • Legally changed his name to Christopher Smith
    • Aliases: Peter Amsterdam, King Peter

Under them, management is divided into World Services, Creations, and Family Care Foundation. Each region is managed by a team of Continental Officers (COs), each team typically having five to seven members. The management structures beneath the CO team are more variable and their members are changed frequently.

[edit] Statistics

According to the Children of God, there were 130 communes or "colonies" in 15 countries in 1972. In 1993, 7,000 of the 10,000 members were under 18 years of age. Recent statistics by The Family International puts full-time and fellow members at just over 11,200 in over 100 countries (around 4,000 adult full-time members and 4,000 children). Some estimates have placed the total number of people that have passed through the group at 35,000.

[edit] Notable members (past and present)

[edit] References

  1. ^ Chancellor, James (2000). "Life in The Family: An Oral History of the Children of God". University of Syracuse Press, Syracuse, NY. pp. 64-67
  2. ^ a b c The Origins of a Movement: From "The Children of God" to "The Family International", found on the official website
  3. ^ Bainbridge, William Sims (1996). "The Sociology of Religious Movements". Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91202-4. pg 223
  4. ^ Judgment of the Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Ward - 1995 judgment resulting from major UK custody case involving the Family
  5. ^ a b Child Abuse?! (March 1989) (Hosted by xfamily.org)
  6. ^ a b Charter Amendments, June 2003 (pdf) (Hosted by xfamily.org)
  7. ^ Vogt, Nancy R. "Correlates of Adolescent Sexual Activity in the Family", Graduate School of Psychology, Fuller Theological Seminary.
  8. ^ MovingOn.org - Community site for former second generation members of The Family
  9. ^ a b MyConclusion.com - Opinions and responses by current second-generation members with positive viewpoints about The Family
  10. ^ Bainbridge, William Sims (2002). "The Endtime Family: Children of God". State University of New York Press, Albany, NY.

[edit] Sources

[edit] Academic

[edit] Journalistic and popular

[edit] Court cases

[edit] External links

[edit] Official websites

The Family maintains numerous regional Websites. The following are official English-language websites by the group.

[edit] Other

  • Deep Truths - Site about David Berg's writings, by a current member of the Family
  • ExFamily.org - Includes documentation, message boards, and an archive of over 4000 internal Family publications
  • Make Straight Paths - Site by former Family members, comparing Family doctrine with the Bible
  • MovingOn[8] - Community site for former second generation Family members
  • My Conclusion[9] - In defense of the Family, by current second-generation members with positive viewpoints about the group
  • New Day News - Site for former Family members which includes message boards and photo collections
  • The Family (The Children of God) - Article by Paul Jones on the University of Virginia website
  • xFamily - Wiki site about the Family. Includes large collections of multimedia, press coverage, and internal Family publications
  • xFamily Forum - Message board about the Family
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