Chickasaw Wars
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The Chickasaw Wars were fought in the 18th century between the Chickasaw allied with the British against the French and their allies the Choctaws and Illini. The Province of Louisiana extended from Illinois to New Orleans, and the French fought to secure their communications along the Mississippi River. The Chickasaw, dwelling in northern Mississippi and western Tennessee, lay across the French path. Much to the eventual advantage of the British and the later United States, the Chickasaw successfully held their ground. The war came to an end only with the French cession of New France to the British in 1763 according to terms of the Treaty of Paris.
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[edit] Choctaw Attacks
The governor of Louisiana and founder of New Orleans, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville determined to stop Chickasaw trade with the British. In 1721 he was able to incite the Choctaw who began to snipe away at Chickasaw villages, and to ambush pack trains along the Trader's Path leading to Charleston, South Carolina. In response the Chickasaw regrouped their villages more tightly for defense, and cemented relations with their British source of guns by establishing a settlement at Savannah Town, South Carolina in 1723. They blocked French traffic on the Mississippi River by occupying Chickasaw Bluff near present day Memphis, and bargained for peace with the Choctaw. Bienville himself was recalled to France in 1724 (Gayarre 366-368).
On and off over the following years, the French successfully reignited the Indian conflict. The Choctaw pursued their familiar hit and run tactics: ambushing hunting parties, killing trader's horses, devastating croplands after using superior numbers to drive the Chickasaw into their forts, and killing peace emissaries. Illini and Iroquois occasionally pitched in from the north as well. This war of attrition effectively wore the Chickasaw down, reaching a crisis level in the late 1730s and especially the early 1740s. After a lapse due to strife within the Choctaw, the bloody harassment resumed in the 1750s. The Chickasaw remained obstinate, their situation forcing them to adhere even more closely to the British.
In 1734 Bienville returned to Louisiana, and waged grand campaigns against them in the European style.
[edit] Campaign of 1736
Bienville assembled a force in Mobile which he led via Fort Tombecbé up the Tombigbee River (Rive de la Mobile), intending to link with a northern force sweeping down from Fort de Chartres under Pierre D'Artaguiette.
On March 25, 1736 the northern force, a mixture of French with their allies the Illini led by Chief Chicagou, met with disaster while attacking the village of Ogoula Tchetoka near present day Pontotoc, Mississippi. The French were crushed, and d'Artaguiette was killed.
Bienville remained unaware of d'Artaguiette's disaster. On May 26, 1736 he and his army of 1200 French and Choctaw were repulsed in an attack on the fortified Chickasaw village of Ackia in present day Tupelo, Mississippi. Bienville returned to Mobile and New Orleans in disgrace.
[edit] Campaign of 1739
Bienville was instructed to try again. This time he obtained heavy siege equipment, and assembled his forces at Fort de l'Assumption on Chickasaw Bluff 120 miles to the east of the Chickasaw villages. Canada contributed troops and Indian allies under Charles Le Moyne de Longueuil and Pierre-Joseph Céloron de Blainville. The force was reduced by disease, and Bienville found himself unable to transport his artillery through the wilderness. After months of delay, Bienville came to terms without armed conflict.
[edit] Supposed Campaign of 1752
The disgraced Bienville was replaced by Marquis de Vaudreuil in 1742, who continued to encourage Choctaw harassment. He eventually came to the view that another grand effort was needed to end the Chickasaw threat once and for all, and he pled his case to his superiors. Many sources describe such an expedition taking place in 1752. It is to be noted that none of these sources mention any further details, beyond saying it was an exact repeat of 1736. Dawson A. Phelps determined that the grand effort never took place (Atkinson p. 78), although there was a strong Choctaw attack (one of many over the years) instigated and supported by the French.
[edit] Outcome
Armed to the teeth in their remote and heavily fortified villages, the Chickasaw maintained themselves albeit with great loss to both population and way of life. The French never defeated the Chickasaw and were unable to unite the northern and southern parts of New France. Enmity between the Illini and the Chickasaw continued long after the war.
[edit] Links
[edit] References
- Atkinson, James R. (2004). Splendid Land, Splendid People. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0817350330. pp. 25-87. Excellent modern history of the Chickasaw prior to their removal
- Gayarre, Charles (1851). Louisiana: Its Colonial History and Romance. Harper and Brothers. OCLC 13850788. Early history with frequent reference to original documents
- Wallace, Joseph (1895). The History of Illinois and Louisiana under the French Rule. R. Clarke. OCLC 17003743. Compilation of secondary sources with emphasis on attempted connection between northern and southern districts of Louisiana
- Hauser, Raymond E.; An Ethnohistory of the Illinois Indian Tribe 1673-1832: doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 1973.
- Schlarman, J.; From Quebec to New Orleans. Buechler Publishing, Bellville, IL.
