Chiastic structure
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Chiastic structure is a literary structure used most notably in the Torah. The structure is comprised of concepts or ideas in an order ABC…CBA so that the first concept that comes up is also the last, the second is the second to last, and so on. Also, a chiastic structure can also be of the form ABBAABB…ABBA.
[edit] Why Chi?
Chi is a Greek letter that is shaped like an X. Chi is made up of two lines crossing each other, so the line that starts leftmost on top comes down and is rightmost on the bottom, and vice versa. If one thinks of the lines as concepts, one sees that concept A , which comes first, is also last, and concept B, which comes after A, comes before A. If one adds in more lines representing other concepts, one gets a chiastic structure with more concepts.
[edit] The ABC…CBA chiastic structure
The ABC…CBA chiastic structure is used in many places in the Torah. This kind of chiastic structure is used to give emphasis to the middle concept, i.e., the concept that appears either twice in succession or only appears once. Also, it shows that the other ideas are all leading up to the middle idea or concept. A notable example is the chiastic structure running from the middle of the Book of Exodus through the end of the Book of Leviticus. The structure begins with the covenant made between God and the Jewish People at Mount Sinai, as described in the Torah, and ends with the Admonition from God to the Jews if they will not follow his laws, which is also a sort of covenant. The main ideas are in the middle of Leviticus, from chapter 11 through chapter 20. Those chapters deal with the holiness in the Tabernacle and the holiness of the Jewish homeland in general. The chiastic structure points the reader to the central idea, that of the expected holiness of the Jews in what they do. The idea behind the structure is that if the Jews keep the covenant and all the laws around the central concept, they will be rewarded with a sense of holiness in their Tabernacle and in their land in general.
[edit] The ABBAABB…ABBA chiastic structure
The ABBAABB…ABBA chiastic structure is used to contrast concepts A and B, which are usually closely related, but very different. First, concept A is mentioned once. Then B twice, A twice, … until the structure ends with a final A. The format points the contrast between the two ideas, and the idea of something deeper. An example of this is in the beginning of chapter 4 of the Book of Genesis, when the two sons of Adam, Cain and Abel, are contrasted. The Torah describes their names, their occupations, and their offerings. The Torah mentions Cain first, then Abel twice, then Cain twice, and so on. The structure draws attention to the differences between Cain and Abel, pointing out the essential difference in their personalities.
Exemple: Book of Jonah
A. God’s message to the prophet – Grace for Nineveh (1:1.2) B. God uses forces of the nature to redirect His servant (1:3-13.17) b1. God uses the great wind (1:4)
b2. God uses the great fish (1:17)
C. The repentance of the sailors (1:14-16)
c1. God’s intervention on behalf of the sailors (1:15)
c2. Prayer to the Lord (1:14)
c3. Sacrifice and promises – ceremonial elements (1:16)
D. Jonah’s repentance and God’s recommission ( 2:1 – 3:4) D1. Changing of mind (2:1-9) D2. The God of the second chance(2:10-3:2).
The core of the book: 3:1 “the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the second time”
D1’ Changing of doings (3:3.4) C.’ The repentance of the Nineveh’s people (3:5-10)
c3.’ Feast and humbleness – ceremonial elements (3:5-7)
c2.’ Prayer to the Lord (3:8.9)
c1.’ God’s intervention on behalf of the Ninevites (3:10)
B’. God uses forces of the nature to redirect His servant (4:5-8)
b2’. God uses the little worm (4:7)
b1’. God uses the hot wind (4:8)
A’. God’s message to the prophet – Grace for Nineveh (4:10.11)ESG.MA iR
"The Literary Structure of the Old Testament: A Commentary on Genesis - Malachi" by David A. Dorsey is a great resource for more information on chiastic structures.
