Chewing gum ban in Singapore
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The chewing gum ban in Singapore was enacted in 1992 and revised in 2004. It bans the import and sale of chewing gum in Singapore. Since 2004, chewing gum of therapeutic value has been allowed into Singapore following the United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (USS-FTA).
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[edit] Legislation
Chewing gum is banned in Singapore under the "Regulation of Imports and Exports (Chewing Gum) Regulations." Except for chewing gum of therapeutic value, the "importing" of chewing gum into Singapore is absolutely banned.
A common misconception among citizens is that personal use quantities of chewing gum are allowed into Singapore. However, according to the set of Regulations, "importing" means to "bring or cause to be brought into Singapore by land, water or air from any place which is outside Singapore ..." any goods, even if they are not for purposes of trade. The set of Regulations also does not make any provisions for personal use quantities to be brought into Singapore. Therefore, bringing chewing gum into Singapore, even small quantities for whatever purpose, is technically prohibited.2
[edit] History
In his memoir3 , Lee Kuan Yew recounted that as early as 1983, when he was still serving as Prime Minister, a proposal for the ban was brought up to him by the minister for national development. Chewing gum was causing serious maintenance problems in high-rise public housing flats, with vandals disposing of spent gum in mailboxes, inside keyholes and even on elevator buttons. Chewing gum left on floors, stairways and pavements in public areas increased the cost of cleaning and damaged cleaning equipment. Gum stuck on the seats of public buses also constantly vexed passengers. However, Lee thought that a ban would be "too drastic" and did not take action.
In 1987, the S$5 billion metro system, the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), began operations. It was then the largest public project ever implemented in Singapore, and expectations were high. One of the champions of the project, Ong Teng Cheong, who later became the first democratically-elected President, declared," …the MRT will usher in a new phase in Singapore's development and bring about a better life for all of us."
It was then reported that vandals had begun sticking chewing gum on the door sensors of MRT trains, preventing the door from functioning properly and causing disruption of train services. Such incidents were rare but costly and culprits were difficult to apprehend. In January 1992, Goh Chok Tong, who had just taken over as Prime Minister, decided on a ban. The restriction on the distribution of chewing gum was enacted in Singapore Statute Chapter 57, the Control of Manufacture Act, which also governs the restriction of alcohol and tobacco.
[edit] Immediate results of ban
After the ban was announced, the import of chewing gum was immediately halted. However, a reasonable transition period was given to allow shops to clear their existing stocks. After that, the sale of chewing gum was completely terminated.
When first introduced, the ban naturally caused much controversy and some open defiance. Some took the trouble of traveling to neighbouring Malaysia Johor Bahru to purchase chewing gum. A few tried to bring back more than what is legally permitted. These offenders were publicly "named and shamed" by the government, to serve as a deterrent to other would-be smugglers. As time passed and the uproar died down, however, Singaporeans became accustomed to the lack of chewing gum. Surprisingly, no black market for chewing gum in Singapore ever emerged, though some Singaporeans occasionally did manage to smuggle some chewing gum from Johor Bahru for their own consumption.
[edit] International attention
In the mid 1990s, Singapore’s forbidding laws began to receive intense international coverage and attention from civil rights activists. The U.S. media sensationalised the case of Michael P. Fay, the American teenager who was sentenced to caning in Singapore for vandalism (spray paint, not chewing gum). They also zeroed in on Singapore’s other peculiar laws, including the "mandatory flushing in public toilets" ruling. It was around this time that Singapore developed its infamous "nanny state" image, where the movements of every citizen are constantly scrutinised and dictated by the government. A common joke is that Singapore is a "fine" country, a jibe at the excessive number of fines Singapore imposes for acts like jaywalking. Many in the outside world saw laws such as the ban on chewing gum as excessively aggressive and even autocratic.
Singapore leaders responded by arguing that as a sovereign state, Singapore had the rights to formulate its own policies based on its own unique political and cultural values. Besides, they argued, these policies would result in greater overall benefits for the country. When a BBC reporter suggested that overly draconian laws would stifle the people's creativity, Lee Kuan Yew retorted: "If you can't think because you can't chew, try a banana."
The image of Singapore as an uptight, stiff-necked republic continues to be widely upheld and gleefully lampooned by foreigners. This is despite a concentrated effort by the government to portray Singapore in a more favourable light. The recent loosening of the ban on chewing gum is part of these efforts.
[edit] Revision of the Act
The issue of chewing gum moved into an unexpected arena: international trade negotiation. In 1999, during a midnight golf game, United States President Bill Clinton and Singapore Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong agreed to initiate talks between the two countries for a bilateral free trade agreement (USS-FTA)3. The talks later continued under the new administration of President George W. Bush. Details of the closed-door negotiations are unknown, but it became apparent that by the final phase of the negotiation in early 2003, there remained two sticky issues: the War in Iraq and chewing gum.
First, U.S. officials requested that Singapore express support for U.S. invasion of Iraq, this was readily agreed without fanfare. Second, they demanded that Singapore lift the ban on chewing gum. The Chicago-based Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company enlisted the help of a Washington, D.C lobbyist and Illinois Congressman Phil Crane, then-chairman of the U.S. House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Trade, to get chewing gum on the agenda of the United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement.5
This caused serious dilemma to Singapore leaders. They knew that the USS-FTA would be a great boost to Singapore's economy and they could not afford the negotiation to be dragged by the chewing gum issue, but to give in easily would have had political consequences.
Beside its authoritative rules, the long-running Singapore government is also known for its creativity in formulating "creative" schemes to tackle social problems, including the Corrective Work Order, Certificate of Entitlement and Nominated Member of Parliament. This time, they managed to pull out another trick. First, they recognised the proven health benefits of certain gums, such as Wrigley's Orbit brand of sugar-free gum that contains calcium lactate to strengthen tooth enamel. Second, the sales of this newly categorised medicinal gum was allowed, provided it was sold by a dentist or pharmacist, who must take down the names of buyers. Healthcare professionals were not amused by this new responsibility.
Soon, the USS-FTA was signed, the ban was revised and the gum lobbyists declared victory. "They were tough," Crane said of the talks. Some found it surprising that Wrigley had fought hard on this battle, given the small size of Singapore's chewing market. But the company said it was worth it. "There's many examples in our history of things that may have not made short-term financial sense but was the right thing to do in a philosophical or long-term sense," said Mr. Christopher Perille, Wrigley's senior director of corporate communications. Wrigley is now planning how to rebuild Singapore's market, such as using billboards. They may face another obstacle: all advertisements for medical products must be approved by the Health Sciences Authority.5
Meanwhile, with USS-FTA, Singapore's $20 billion annual exports to the U.S. will soon enjoy free tariffs, with potential duty savings of $150 million. It is expected to boost Singapore's gross domestic product by 0.5%.
[edit] Biodegradable Gum Being Researched
If gum were made of biodegradable material then the problem of cleaning up gum might be mitigated. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana have been experimenting with replacing part of the gum base with biodegradable zein (corn protein). [1]
[edit] Media Scrutiny
The chewing gum ban has received scrutiny from all around the world and has been criticized many times in the press and in films.
Films about the chewing gum ban:
- Bubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble, directed by Nicholas Carlton.
[edit] References
- Ho Khai Leong (2003) Shared Responsibilities, Unshared Power: The Politics of Policy-Making in Singapore, ISBN 981-210-218-3.
- Phua, Ree Kee (2005). "Reply to enquiry on Chewing Gum." E-mail to Wei Zhong Goh.
- Lee Kuan Yew (2000). From Third World to First: The Singapore Story. ISBN 0060197765
- Bill Clinton (2004). My Life. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41457-6.
- Cris Prystay "At long last, gum is legal in Singapore, but there are strings", The Wall Street Journal, June 4, 2004.
