Chestnut-sided Warbler

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Chestnut-sided Warbler
Conservation status
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: Dendroica Species: D. pensylvanica
Binomial name
Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus, 1766)

The Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica pensylvanica, is a New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America in southern Canada, and into the Great Lakes region and the eastern USA south to Georgia.

It is migratory, wintering in Central America, and a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

The summer male Chestnut-sided Warbler is unmistakable. It has a dark-streaked gray back, white face, black eyestripe and greenish crown. The underparts are white, with chestnut flanks, and there are two white wing bars. The adult female is a washed-out version of the summer male, and in particular lacks the strong head pattern and has less chestnut on the flanks.

Non-breeding birds of both sexes have greenish heads, mainly unstreaked greenish upperparts and pale grey unstreaked breasts. The wing bars are always present. The lack of streaking helps to distinguish this species from the Blackpoll Warbler outside the breeding season.

The song is a whistled pleased, pleased, pleased to meecha. The call is a harsh chip. The cup-shaped nest is placed in a low bush in young deciduous woodland or scrub. There are 3-5 eggs. The species is frequently parasitized by cowbirds.

The Chestnut-sided Warbler is insectivorous, but will take some berries in winter. It forages actively in shrubs and small trees, also catching some insects in mid-air.

This bird's numbers increased as second growth forest became more common in the east in the late 19th century; numbers have declined slightly since then.

Contents 1 References 2 External links 3 Further reading 3.1 Thesis 3.2 Articles

[edit] References

• BirdLife International (2004). Dendroica pensylvanica. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
• New World Warblers by Curson, Quinn and Beadle, ISBN 0-7136-3932-6

[edit] External links

• Chestnut-sided Warbler videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Chestnut-sided Warbler - Dendroica Pensylvanica - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Chestnut-sided Warbler Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Chestnut-sided Warbler Information - South Dakota Birds and Birding

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Thesis

• Byers BE. Ph.D. (1995). Development, variation, and use of two song categories by chestnut-sided warblers. University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States -- Massachusetts.

• Greenberg RS. Ph.D. (1981). THE WINTER EXPLOITATION SYSTEMS OF BAY-BREASTED AND CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLERS IN PANAMA. University of California, Berkeley, United States -- California.

• Hamady MA. Ph.D. (2000). An ecosystem approach to assessing the effects of forest heterogeneity and disturbance on birds of the northern hardwood forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.

• King DI. Ph.D. (1999). Ecology of mature-forest and early-successional-shrubland birds in managed temperate deciduous forests. University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States -- Massachusetts.

• Kingsley AL. M.Sc. (1998). Response of birds and vegetation to the first cut of the uniform shelterwood silvicultural system in the white pine forests of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Trent University (Canada), Canada.

• Mahony NA. M.Sc. (1995). A comparison of the breeding success of black-capped chickadees and chestnut-sided warblers in healthy and declining sugar maple forests in Central Ontario. Trent University (Canada), Canada.

• Woodcock JM. M.Sc. (1997). Effects of manual, mechanical, and aerial herbicide conifer release on songbird numbers in regenerating spruce plantations in northwestern Ontario. Lakehead University (Canada), Canada.

[edit] Articles

• Andrew PJ, Erica N & Dennis RV. (2004). EFFECTS OF SELECTION CUTTING ON BIRD COMMUNITIES IN CONTIGUOUS EASTERN HARDWOOD FORESTS. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 68, no 1. p. 51.

• Brooks MA, Harrigan BC, Johnson KM, Lowe DE, Lowery JP, McGlothlin JW, Sasso MM, Smith SA & Cristol DA. (2001). Revisit schedule does not affect results of point counts. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 72, no 3. p. 404-411.

• Bruce EB. (2007). Extrapair paternity in chestnut-sided warblers is correlated with consistent vocal performance. Behavioral Ecology. vol 18, no 1. p. 130.

• Bruce EB & David IK. (2000). Singing by female Chestnut-sided Warblers. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 112, no 4. p. 547.

• Bruce EB, Herman LM, Jr., Ian RKS & David FW. (2004). EXTRAPAIR PATERNITY INCREASES VARIABILITY IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN THE CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER (DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA), A SOCIALLY MONOGAMOUS SONGBIRD. The Auk. vol 121, no 3. p. 788.

• Burris JM & Haney AW. (2005). Bird communities after blowdown in a late-successional Great Lakes spruce-fir forest. Wilson Bulletin. vol 117, no 4. p. 341-352.

• Byers BE. (1995). Song types, repertoires and song variability in a population of chestnut-sided warblers. Condor. vol 97, no 2. p. 390-401.

• Byers BE. (1996). Geographic variation of song form within and among chestnut-sided warbler populations. Auk. vol 113, no 2. p. 288-299.

• Byers BE. (1996). Messages encoded in the songs of chestnut-sided warblers. Animal Behaviour. vol 52, no 4. p. 691-705.

• Byers BE & King DI. (2000). Singing by female Chestnut-sided Warblers. Wilson Bulletin. vol 112, no 4. p. 547-550.

• Byers BE & Kroodsma DE. (1992). Development of two song categories by chestnut-sided warblers. Animal Behaviour. vol 44, no 5. p. 799-810.

• Byers BE, Mays HL, Jr., Stewart IRK & Westneat DF. (2004). Extrapair paternity increases variability in male reproductive success in the chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), a socially monogamous songbird. Auk. vol 121, no 3. p. 788-795.

• David IK & Bruce EB. (2002). An evaluation of powerline rights-of-way as habitat for early-successional shrubland birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 30, no 3. p. 868.

• David IK, Richard MD & Curtice RG. (2001). Plumage coloration and reproductive success in male Chestnut-sided Warblers. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 2. p. 239.

• Doyon F, Gagnon D & Giroux J-F. (2005). Effects of strip and single-tree selection cutting on birds and their habitat in a Southwestern Quebec northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology & Management. vol 209, no 1-2. p. 101-115.

• Freedman B, Beauchamp C, McLaren IA & Tingley SI. (1981). Forestry Management Practices and Populations of Breeding Birds in a Hardwood Forest in Nova-Scotia Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 95, no 3. p. 307-311.

• Gradwohl J & Greenberg R. (1980). The Formation of Antwren Flocks on Barro-Colorado Island Panama. Auk. vol 97, no 2. p. 385-395.

• Greenberg R. (1983). Role of Neophobia in Determining the Degree of Foraging Specialization in Some Migrant Warblers. American Naturalist. vol 122, no 4. p. 444-453.

• Greenberg R. (1984). Differences in Feeding Neophobia in the Tropical Migrant Wood Warblers Dendroica-Castanea and Dendroica-Pensylvanica. Journal of Comparative Psychology. vol 98, no 2. p. 131-136.

• Greenberg R. (1984). Neophobia in the Foraging Site Selection of a Neotropical Migrant Bird an Experimental Study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. vol 81, no 12. p. 3778-3780.

• Greenberg R. (1985). A Comparison of Foliage Discrimination Learning in a Specialist and a Generalist Species of Migrant Wood Warbler Aves Parulidae. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 63, no 4. p. 773-776.

• Hanowski J, Danz N, Lind J & Niemi G. (2003). Breeding bird response to riparian forest harvest and harvest equipment. Forest Ecology & Management. vol 174, no 1-3. p. 315-328.

• Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). Breeding bird communities in boreal forest of western Canada: Consequences of "unmixing" the mixedwoods. Condor. vol 102, no 4. p. 759-769.

• Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). The effects of stand age on avian communities in aspen-dominated forests of central Saskatchewan, Canada. Forest Ecology & Management. vol 136, no 1-3. p. 121-134.

• Holmes SB, Burke DM, Elliott KA, Cadman MD & Friesen L. (2004). Partial cutting of woodlots in an agriculture-dominated landscape: effects on forest bird communities. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 34, no 12. p. 2467-2476.

• Holmes SB & Pitt DG. (2007). Response of bird communities to selection harvesting in a northern tolerant hardwood forest. Forest Ecology & Management. vol 238, no 1-3. p. 280-292.

• Howe HF & De Steven D. (1979). Fruit Production Migrant Bird Visitation and Seed Dispersal of Guarea-Glabra in Panama. Oecologia. vol 39, no 2. p. 185-196.

• Jobes AP, Nol E & Voigt DR. (2004). Effects of selection cutting on bird communities in contiguous eastern hardwood forests. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 68, no 1. p. 51-60.

• John MB & Alan WH. (2005). BIRD COMMUNITIES AFTER BLOWDOWN IN A LATE-SUCCESSIONAL GREAT LAKES SPRUCE-FIR FOREST. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 117, no 4. p. 341.

• King DI & Byers BE. (2002). An evaluation of powerline rights-of-way as habitat for early-successional shrubland birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 30, no 3. p. 868-874.

• King DI & Degraaf RM. (2004). Effects of group-selection opening size on the distribution and reproductive success of an early-successional shrubland bird. Forest Ecology & Management. vol 190, no 2-3. p. 179-185.

• King DI, Degraaf RM & Griffin CR. (2001). Plumage coloration and reproductive success in male Chestnut-sided Warblers. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 2. p. 239-242.

• King DI, Degraaf RM & Griffin CR. (2001). Productivity of early successional shrubland birds in clearcuts and groupcuts in an eastern deciduous forest. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 65, no 2. p. 345-350.

• Klaus NA, Buehler DA & Saxton AM. (2005). Forest management alternatives and songbird breeding habitat on the Cherokee National Forest, Tennessee. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 69, no 1. p. 222-234.

• Kroodsma DE. (1981). Geographical Variation and Functions of Song Types in Warblers Parulidae. Auk. vol 98, no 4. p. 743-751.

• Kroodsma DE, Bereson RC, Byers BE & Minear E. (1989). Use of Song Types by the Chestnut-Sided Warbler Evidence for Both Intra and Inter-Sexual Functions. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 67, no 2. p. 447-456.

• Lein MR. (1978). Song Variation in a Population of Chestnut-Sided Warblers Dendroica-Pensylvanica Its Nature and Suggested Significance. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 56, no 6. p. 1266-1283.

• Mahony N, Nol E & Hutchinson T. (1997). Food-chain chemistry, reproductive success, and foraging behaviour of songbirds in acidified maple forests of central Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 75, no 4. p. 509-517.

• Marshall JS & VanDruff LW. (2002). Impact of selective herbicide right-of-way vegetation treatment on birds. Environmental Management. vol 30, no 6. p. 801-806.

• Millikin RL & Smith JNM. (1990). Sublethal Effects of Fenitrothion on Forest Passerines. Journal of Applied Ecology. vol 27, no 3. p. 983-1000.

• Moore T. (1993). Early chestnut-sided warbler in Gwinnett County. Oriole. vol 58, no 1-4.

• Morgan K & Freedman B. (1985). Breeding Bird Communities in a Hardwood Forest Succession in Nova Scotia Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 100, no 4. p. 506-519.

• Morneau F, Doucet GJ, Giguere M & Laperle M. (1999). Breeding bird species richness associated with a powerline right-of-way in a northern mixed forest landscape. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 113, no 4. p. 598-604.

• Nathan AK, David AB & Arnold MS. (2005). FOREST MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES AND SONGBIRD BREEDING HABITAT ON THE CHEROKEE NATIONAL FOREST, TENNESSEE. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 69, no 1. p. 222.

• Niemi GJ & Hanowski JM. (1984). Relationships of Breeding Birds to Habitat Characteristics in Logged Areas. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 48, no 2. p. 438-443.

• Paul GR & Margaret CB. (2002). Habitat use and behavior of mixed species landbird flocks during fall migration. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 114, no 1. p. 87.

• Payne RB, Payne LL & Doehlert SM. (1984). Interspecific Song Learning in a Wild Chestnut-Sided Warbler Dendroica-Pennsylvanica. Wilson Bulletin. vol 96, no 2. p. 292-294.

• Peacock M. (1993). Chestnut-sided warbler: New to the Western Palearctic. British Birds. vol 86, no 2. p. 57-61.

• Ports MA. (1981). Miscellaneous Summer Records of Birds from Southwestern Kansas USA. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. vol 84, no 2. p. 109-114.

• Rodewald PG & Brittingham MC. (2002). Habitat use and behavior of mixed species landbird flocks during fall migration. Wilson Bulletin. vol 114, no 1. p. 87-98.

• Schulte LA & Niemi GJ. (1998). Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 62, no 4. p. 1418-1429.

• Schwalbe PW. (1992). Chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica pensylvanica. Brauning, D. vol W, p. Atlas of breeding birds in Pennsylvania.

• Sodhi NS & Paszkowski CA. (1995). Habitat use and foraging behavior of four parulid warblers in a second-growth forest. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 66, no 2. p. 277-288.

• Stephen BH, Dawn MB, Ken AE, Michael DC & Lyle F. (2004). Partial cutting of woodlots in an agriculture-dominated landscape: effects on forest bird communities. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 34, no 12. p. 2467.

• Stewart PA. (1986). Fall Migration of Twelve Species of Wood Warblers through Coastal Virginia USA. North American Bird Bander. vol 11, no 3. p. 83-88.

• Talbott SC & Yahner RH. (2003). Temporal and spatial use of even-aged reproduction stands by bird communities in central Pennsylvania. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. vol 20, no 3. p. 117-123.