Charlotte Delbo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 Delbo with her camp number tattoo visible |
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| Born: | August 10, 1913 Vigneux-sur-Seine, France |
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| Died: | March 1, 1985 Paris |
| Occupation: | playwright, memoirist |
| Nationality: | French |
| Writing period: | late 20th century |
| Subjects: | Holocaust |
Charlotte Delbo, (August 10, 1913- March 1, 1985), was a French writer chiefly known for her haunting memoirs of her time as a prisoner in Auschwitz, where she was sent for her activities as a member of the French resistance.
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[edit] Biography
[edit] Early life
Born in Vigneux-sur-Seine near Paris, Delbo gravitated toward theater and politics in her youth, joining the French Young Communist Women’s League in 1932. She met and married George Dudach two years later. Later in the decade she went to work for producer Louis Jouvet and was with his company in Buenos Aires when Wehrmacht forces invaded and occupied France in 1940.
She could have waited to return when Philippe Pétain, leader of the collaborationist Vichy regime, established special courts in 1941 to deal with members of the resistance. One sentenced a friend of hers, a young architect named Andre Woog, to death. "I can't stand being safe while others are guillotined," she told Jouvet. "I won't be able to look anyone in the eye."
[edit] Resistance and arrest
Accordingly she returned to Paris and Dudach, who was already active in the resistance as the assigned courier for the internationally famous poet Louis Aragon. The couple spent much of that winter printing and distributing pamphlets and other anti-Nazi Germany reading material. They became part of the group around communist philosopher Georges Politzer, and took an active role in publishing the underground journal Lettres Françaises.
On March 2, 1942, police followed a careless courier to their apartment, and arrested Georges and Charlotte. The courier was able to escape from a back window.
[edit] Time in camps
Dudach was shot on the morning of May 23 after being allowed to bid his wife farewell. Delbo was held in transit camps near Paris for the rest of the year; then on January 23, 1943, she and 229 other Frenchwomen imprisoned for their resistance activities were put on a train for the Auschwitz concentration camp. It was one of only a few convoys of non-Jewish prisoners from France to that camp (most were sent to the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp or other camps for political prisoners) and the only convoy of women. Only 49 returned; she wrote about this experience later in Le convoi de 23 janvier (published in English as Convoy to Auschwitz). The convoy entered camp legend as the only one to enter the gates singing: they sang "La Marseillaise," as one woman, Annette Epaux, would again later on her way to the gas chamber.
Other Frenchwomen of note on that convoy were Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier, daughter of magazine editor Lucien Vogel and Communist heroine, who would later testify at the Nuremberg Trials of war criminals; France Rondeaux, a cousin of Andre Gide; Vittoria "Viva" Daubeuf, daughter of Italian socialist leader and future prime minister Pietro Nenni; Simone Sampaix, daughter of the editor of L'Humanité; Marie "Mai" Politzer, wife of sociologist Georges Politzer; Adelaide "Heidi" Hautval, a doctor who would save many inmates and testify against Nazi medical atrocities; and Helene Solomon-Langevin, daughter of physicist Paul Langevin. It was partly thanks to the presence of several scientists among the prisoners (others were Laure Gatet and Madeleine Dechavassine) that a few, Delbo included, were selected to farm kok-saghyz and survived.
Most of the women on the convoy, however, were poor and uneducated and nearly all Communists. One of their number, Danielle Casanova, would be eulogized as a Communist martyr and role model for many years. Delbo later debunked much of the Casanova legend. She paid more tribute to her working-class friends such as Lulu Thevenin, Christiane "Cecile" Charua (later married to historian and Mauthausen survivor Jose Borras), Jeannette "Carmen" Serre, Madeleine Doiret, and Simone "Poupette" Alizon, many of whom figure prominently in her memoirs.
The women were in Auschwitz, first at Birkenau and later the Raisko satellite camp, for about a year before being sent to Ravensbrück and finally released to the custody of the Swedish chapter of the International Red Cross in 1945 as the war drew to a close. After recuperating, Delbo returned to France.
[edit] After the war
She wrote her major work, the trilogy published as Auschwitz and After ("None of Us Will Return," "Useless Knowledge" and "The Measure of Our Days,") in the years immediately after the war but held off on publishing even the first part until 1965 for political reasons. The final volumes were published in 1970 and 1971. A limited-edition English translation of the first volume was published in 1968; a full translation of the whole work, by Rosette Lamont, was only published in the U.S. in 1995, ten years after the author's death.
She wrote a play, Who Will Carry the Word?, about her experience as well as some other works and during the 1960s worked for the United Nations and philosopher Henri Lefebvre, who had worked with Politzer before the war. In later years she abandoned Communism, influenced like other resistor-survivors (David Rousset and Jorge Semprun among them) by the exposure of concentration camps in the Soviet Union. Her political views remained strongly left: during the revolution in Algeria she published "Les belles lettres," a collection of petitions protesting colonial French policy. She never remarried, although she had a son.
She died of lung cancer in 1985.
[edit] Work
- Further information: Auschwitz and After
While little-known by most readers, within the Holocaust-literature community Delbo is widely respected and her work is beginning to be assigned as part of most college-level courses on the subject.
This relative obscurity is partly due to her work only recently having appeared in English translation; also due to the fact that the Holocaust-literature canon has tended to focus on writers such as Anne Frank, Primo Levi and Elie Wiesel who have been in print for far longer.
But it is her technique that has been the biggest hurdle to overcome. Like Tadeusz Borowski, another non-Jew sent to Auschwitz for resistance activities, she chose a less comfortable way of relating her experience than the more straightforward narratives of Levi and Wiesel.
Her guiding principle was, as she regularly described it, il faut donner á voir, or roughly translated when it occurs as a refrain in her work, "Try to look. Just try and see."
In addition to her translator, Lamont, her work has been very influential already for a number of scholars such as Lawrence L. Langer, Nicole Thatcher, Cynthia Haft, Geoffrey Hartman, Marlene Heinemann, Robert Skloot, Kali Tal, Joan M. Ringelheim, Debarati Sanyal, and many others. Feminists are showing an increasing interest in her work, though Delbo did not identify herself as a feminist.
[edit] Editions
- Auschwitz and After, Yale University Press,(1997), ISBN 0-300-07057-8
- None of Us Will Return
- Useless Knowledge
- The Measure of Our Days
- Le convoi de 23 janvier (Convoy to Auschwitz), Northeastern University Press, (1997), ISBN 1-55553-313-2
- Who Will Carry the Word
- Les belles lettres
