Charles Taylor (Liberia)

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Charles Ghankay Taylor

22nd President of Liberia
In office August 2, 1997 – August 11, 2003
Vice President(s)	Moses Blah
Preceded by	Samuel Doe
Succeeded by	Moses Blah

Born	January 28, 1948 Arthington, Liberia
Political party	National Patriotic

For other persons named Charles Taylor, see Charles Taylor (disambiguation).

Charles Ghankay Taylor (born January 28, 1948) is a Liberian leader who served as President of Liberia from 1997 to 2003. He was a prominent warlord in the Liberian Civil War in the early 1990s, was elected president, was forced into exile, and now faces trial.

In December 1989 Taylor launched an armed uprising from Côte d'Ivoire. His forces, known as the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), soon controlled most of the country. Then-president Samuel Doe was overthrown, and tortured to death the following year by Prince Johnson, at that time an ally of Taylor. Doe's fall led to the political fragmentation of the country into violent factionalism. In mid-1990, Prince Johnson's supporters split from Taylor's group and captured Monrovia for themselves, depriving Taylor of outright victory.

The civil war turned into an ethnic conflict, with seven factions fighting for control of Liberia's resources (especially iron ore, diamond, timber, and rubber). Up to 200,000 people were killed, and more than 1 million were forced from their homes.

Following the recent election of a new President in Liberia, the Nigerian government stated on March 25, 2006, that Liberia was free to collect Taylor so that he may face war crimes charges in Liberian courts. The Nigerian government announced on March 28 that Taylor had disappeared from his residence in Calabar, Nigeria. On March 29, 2006, Taylor was arrested in Gamboru, along Nigeria's northeastern border with Cameroon. Nigerian authorities put him on a plane bound for Liberia and then handed him to the UN in Sierra Leone. On March 30, the Special Court requested permission to use the premises of the International Criminal Court in The Hague to carry out the trial of Charles Taylor, although the Special Court will still conduct the proceedings of the trial. The trial is provisionally scheduled to begin on 2 April 2007.

1 Early years
2 Sierra Leone Civil War
3 Rise to power
4 End of rule
5 Resignation
6 Exile
7 Disappearance and arrest
8 Charles "Chuckie" Taylor Jr.
9 Trial
10 Taylor and Pat Robertson
11 Taylor and Kilari Anand Paul
12 Popular culture references
13 References
14 External links

[edit] Early years

Charles Taylor was born in Arthington, a city near Monrovia. His mother was a member of the Gola ethnic group. According to most reports his father was an Americo-Liberian, although other sources claim he was actually Afro-Trinidadian. Taylor was a student at Bentley College in Waltham, Massachusetts from 1972 to 1977, earning a degree in economics.

He was briefly arrested in 1979 after threatening to take over the Liberian diplomatic mission in New York and was accused of embezzling roughly $900,000 as head of Liberia's General Services Administration. On May 24, 1984, two US Deputy Marshals arrested Taylor in Somerville, Massachusetts, on a warrant for extradition to face charges of embezzling $922,000 of government funds, intended for machinery parts, into a New York bank account. Citing a fear of assassination by Liberian agents, it was announced by Taylor's lawyer, former US Attorney General Ramsey Clark, that Taylor would fight extradition from the safety of jail. He was detained in a House of Corrections in Plymouth, Massachusetts. On Sunday, September 15, 1985, sometime around 8:30 p.m., Taylor and four other inmates escaped from the jail by sawing through a bar covering a window in an unused laundry room. After dropping 12 feet to the ground by means of a knotted sheet, the five inmates climbed a fence. Shortly thereafter, Taylor and two other escapees were met at nearby Jordan Hospital by Taylor's wife, Enid Taylor, and Taylor's sister-in-law, Lucia Holmes Toweh. A getaway car was driven to Staten Island, where Taylor then disappeared. The first escapee to be caught was apprehended on September 18 in Brockton, Massachusetts; eventually all four of Taylor's fellow escapees would be tracked down, and Enid Taylor and Lucia Holmes Toweh were ordered held without bail on September 23 for driving the getaway car. Taylor managed to flee the United States and shortly thereafter ended up in Libya where he underwent guerilla training under Muammar Qaddafi. Eventually he left Libya and used the training he gained there to begin a civil war in Liberia.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Sierra Leone Civil War

Sierra Leone Civil War

Personalities

Charles Taylor - Foday Sankoh
Hinga Norman - Ahmad Tejan Kabbah
Johnny Paul Koroma
Valentine Strasser - Solomon Musa

Armed Forces

RUF - SLA - West Side Boys
Kamajors - Executive Outcomes
ECOMOG - Sandline International

Attempts at Peace

Lomé Peace Accord - Abidjan Peace Accord
UNAMSIL - SCSL

Political Groups

SLPP - AFRC - APC

Ethnic Groups

Mende - Temne - Limba - Krio

^edit

In 1991, Foday Sankoh began a revolutionary campaign in Sierra Leone near the Liberian border as the leader of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Among that initial group of about 100 revolutionaries were Sierra Leonean dissidents, mercenaries from Burkina Faso, and fighters loyal to Taylor. The relationship between Sankoh and Taylor had begun in the 1980s when both men were in Libya with the purpose of learning from and gaining the support of Muammar Qaddafi. These men were joined in their opposition of what they saw to be pro-western regimes. Once the Sierra Leone Civil War began, Sankoh relied heavily on ties with both Qaddafi and Taylor, with whom he traded diamonds for guns ^[1].

When in 1992, Sam Bockarie rose to the position of Battle Group Commander in the RUF, Taylor reached out to the young man, whom he may have met during Bockarie's youth. Taylor advised Bockarie off and on for the next five years, and when Sankoh went into exile in Nigeria in March of 1997, Bockarie took the position of leader of the RUF. Taylor's support of Bockarie, both in the form of arms and advice, allowed the RUF to march on Freetown, and eventually forced President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah to negotiate. The Lomé Peace Accord was signed in July of 1999, although violence continued until 2001. On 7 March 2003, the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) indicted Taylor, charging him with crimes against humanity, an indictment which still stands. In 2003, Liberian forces under the orders of Taylor killed Bockarie in a shootout. Some have claimed that Taylor ordered Bockarie killed in order to prevent Bockarie from testifying against him at the SCSL ^[2].

[edit] Rise to power

After the official end of the civil war in 1996, Taylor became Liberia's president on August 2, 1997, following a landslide victory in July, in which he took 75% of the vote. The election was judged free and fair by some observers, although Taylor's victory has been widely attributed to the belief that he would resume the war if he lost. He famously ran on the slogan “He killed my ma, he killed my pa, but I will vote for him."[7] Because of this threat to restart the war in which Liberia's population had literally been decimated, many people voted for him simply to preserve peace. The elections were overseen by the United Nation's peacekeeping mission, UNOMIL (1993-1997), along with a contingent from ECOWAS.

[edit] End of rule

In 1999, a rebellion against Taylor began in northern Liberia, led by a group calling itself Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD). This group was frequently accused of atrocities, and is thought to have been backed by the government of neighboring Guinea.

In early 2003, with LURD in control of northern Liberia, a second rebel group, called the Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) and allegedly backed by the Ivorian government, emerged in southern Liberia and achieved rapid successes. By the summer, Taylor's government controlled only about a third of Liberia: Monrovia and the central part of the country.

In June 2003, a United Nations justice tribunal issued a warrant for Taylor's arrest, charging him with war crimes. The UN asserts that Taylor created and backed the RUF rebels in Sierra Leone, which are accused of a range of atrocities, including the use of child soldiers. The prosecutor also said Taylor's administration had harbored members of Al-Qaeda sought in connection with the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. [8]

The indictment was issued at Taylor's official visit to Ghana. With the backing of South African president Thabo Mbeki, against the urging of Sierra Leone president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, Ghanaian police failed to arrest Taylor, who returned to Monrovia.

[edit] Resignation

During his absence for the peace talks in Ghana, it is alleged^{[citation needed]} that the US urged the vice president, Moses Blah, to seize power. Upon his return, Taylor briefly dismissed Blah from his post, only to reinstate him a few days later. Meanwhile, the rebel group LURD initiated a siege of Monrovia, and several bloody battles were fought as Taylor's forces defeated rebel attempts to capture the city. The pressure on Taylor increased further as U.S. President George W. Bush stated that Taylor "must leave Liberia" twice in July 2003.

Taylor insisted that he would resign only if American peacekeeping troops were deployed to Liberia. President Bush publicly called upon Charles Taylor to resign and leave the country if any American involvement was to be considered. Meanwhile, the African states, in particular the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), under the leadership of Nigeria, sent troops to Liberia with the assistance of $10 million from the US[9]. On August 6, a 32 member U.S. military assessment team were deployed as a liaison with the ECOWAS troops[10]. On July 9, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo offered Taylor safe exile in his country, but only if Taylor stayed out of Liberian politics[11].

On August 10, Charles Taylor appeared on national television in Liberia to announce that he would resign the following day and hand power to the nation's vice president, Moses Blah. He harshly criticized the United States in his farewell address, saying that the Bush administration's insistence that he leave the country was a foolish policy that would hurt Liberia.

On August 11, Taylor resigned, leaving Moses Blah as his successor until a transitional government was established on October 14. At the handover were Ghanaian President John Kufuor, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and Mozambican President Joaquim Chissano, representing African regional councils. The U.S. brought three warships with 2,300 Marines into view of the coast. Taylor flew to Nigeria where the Nigerian government provided houses for him and his entourage in Calabar.

[edit] Exile

In November 2003, the United States Congress passed a bill that included a reward offer of two million dollars for Taylor's capture. While the peace agreement had guaranteed Taylor safe exile in Nigeria, it also required that he not attempt to influence Liberian politics, a requirement his critics claim he has disregarded. On December 4, Interpol issued a "red notice", suggesting that countries have the international right to arrest him. Taylor was placed on Interpol's Most Wanted list, noted as possibly being dangerous, wanted for "crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Convention." Nigeria, where Taylor was residing, initially stated that they would not submit to Interpol's demands, unless Liberia wanted to try him; in that case Nigeria would return Taylor to Liberia for trial.

On 6 March 2004, the United States presented a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council seeking a freeze of Taylor's assets, as well as those of his family and allies.

On 17 March 2006, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, the new democratically elected President of Liberia, submitted an official request to Nigeria for the extradition of Charles Taylor. This request was granted on 25 March, whereby Nigeria agreed to release Taylor to stand trial in the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Nigeria agreed only to release Taylor and not to extradite him, as no extradition treaty exists between the two countries.

[edit] Disappearance and arrest

According to a statement released on March 28, 2006, by Nigeria's government, Charles Taylor disappeared from the seaside villa where he had been living in exile. This was three days after the Nigerian government said it would end his asylum and allow him to face an indictment by the Special Court for Sierra Leone.^[3]

On March 29, 2006, Taylor tried to cross the border into Cameroon, but was arrested by the security forces in the border town of Gamboru in northeastern Nigeria. Guarded by Irish UN soldiers, he was put on a plane bound for Liberia and arrived in Monrovia shortly after 4:30 p.m. (1630 GMT). Taylor was immediately transferred onto a UN helicopter headed for Freetown, Sierra Leone.

[edit] Charles "Chuckie" Taylor Jr.

Taylor's son, Charles McArthur Emmanuel, known as Charles "Chuckie" Taylor Jr. was born in Boston in 1977 to a former girlfriend of Taylor, who was a college student there at the time.

He headed the Anti-Terrorist Unit in Liberia after his father became president in 1997. Human Rights Watch, an international rights group, and Liberian witnesses have said the unit was involved in many other murders, torture, abuse of civilians, recruitment of child soldiers and looting.

Only days after Taylor's arrest, his son Charles McArthur Emmanuel, was arrested in Miami, and charged with passport fraud. [12]Emmanuel pleaded guilty in September to lying on his passport application by listing his father as "Steven Daniel Smith" rather than Taylor or his stepfather, Roy Belfast. Emmanuel legally changed his name to Roy Belfast Jr. in 1990 and had a long criminal record as a child in the Orlando, Florida, area under that name, according to court documents. Prosecutors are seeking a nearly two-year prison term. In a written statement to the judge in passport case, Emmanuel said he falsified the name to get around a United Nations travel ban imposed on both him and his father. But Emmanuel said he was the victim of a "smear campaign" regarding the alleged Liberian atrocities, mentioning the 2005 Hollywood film "Lord of War" as an example.

He was indicted on December 06, 2006 on U.S. charges of committing torture as chief of a paramilitary unit during his father's regime, marking the first time a 12-year-old federal anti-torture law has ever been used. He was charged in a three-count federal indictment with committing torture overseas as a U.S. citizen as well as conspiracy. The indictment said that in 2002, a man was abducted from his home, and Emmanuel and others burned him with a hot iron, forced him at gunpoint to hold scalding water, applied electric shocks to his genitals and other body parts and rubbed salt in this wounds. Emmanuel faces a potential life prison sentence. He is already in custody in Miami, awaiting sentencing for falsifying his father's name to get a passport he used to enter the United States from Trinidad in March. ^[4]

[edit] Trial

Taylor was held in a UN jail in Sierra Leone's capital, Freetown, while waiting for his extradition. He is to be tried under the auspices of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL).^[5] The prosecutor originally indicted Taylor on 3 March 2003 on a 654-count indictment for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the conflict in Sierra Leone. But, on 16 March 2006, a judge of the SCSL gave leave to amend the indictment against Taylor. Under the amended indictment, Taylor is charged with 650 counts. At Taylor's initial appearance before the court on 3 April 2006, he entered a plea of not guilty.^[6]

In early June 2006, the decision on whether to hold Taylor's trial in Freetown or in The Hague, The Netherlands had not yet been made by new SCSL president George Gelaga King. King's predecessor had pushed for the trial to be held abroad because of fears that a local trial would be politically destabilizing. The Appeals Chamber of the Special Court dismissed a motion by Taylor's defense team, who argued that their client could not get a fair trial there and wanted the Special Court to withdraw the request to move the trial to The Hague.^[7] On 15 June 2006, the British government agreed to jail Taylor in the event that he is convicted by the SCSL. This removed an obstacle after the Dutch government stated they would host the trial but would not jail him if convicted, and a number of European countries refused to host him. British Foreign Minister Margaret Beckett stated that new legislation would be required.^[8]

On June 16, 2006, the United Nations Security Council agreed unanimously to allow Charles Taylor to be sent to The Hague for trial and on June 20, 2006, Taylor was extradited and flown to Rotterdam Airport in the Netherlands [13]. He was taken into custody in the UN war crimes tribunal's detention centre, located in the Scheveningen section of The Hague. Taylor's trial is provisionally scheduled to begin on 4 June 2007. The Association for the Legal Defense of Charles G. Taylor was established in June of 2006 to assist in the legal battle of former President Taylor.

[edit] Taylor and Pat Robertson

According to a June 2, 1999, article in The Virginian-Pilot,^[9] Taylor had extensive business dealings with televangelist Pat Robertson. According to the article, Taylor gave Robertson (who also had business dealings with Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire) the rights to mine for diamonds in Liberia's mineral-rich countryside. According to two Operation Blessing pilots who reported this incident to the state of Virginia for investigation in 1994, Robertson used his Operation Blessing planes to haul diamond-mining equipment to Robertson's mines in Liberia, despite the fact that Robertson was telling his 700 Club viewers that the planes were sending relief supplies to the victims of the genocide in Rwanda. The subsequent investigation by the state of Virginia concluded that Robertson diverted his ministry's donations to the Liberian diamond-mining operation, but Attorney General of Virginia Mark Earley blocked any potential prosecution against Robertson.[14]

[edit] Taylor and Kilari Anand Paul

Charles Taylor has obtained spiritual and other advice from the evangelist Kilari Anand Paul.[15]

[edit] Popular culture references

The character Andre Baptiste, Sr. from the movie Lord of War is said to be based on Charles Taylor.

[edit] References

The Liberian Civil War by Mark Huband, 1998

^ Hirsch, John L. "Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy". Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001
^ "The Mysterious Death of a Fugitive". The Perspective. Atlanta, Georgia May 7, 2003[1]
^ Polgreen, Lydia. "Nigeria Says Ex-President of Liberia Has Disappeared". The New York Times. 29 March 2006. [2]
^ "U.S. charges son of ex-Liberian leader with torture". Reuters. [3]
^ "Charles Taylor jailed in Sierra Leone". CBC News, 29 March 2006. [4]
^ de Silva, Desmond, QC, Chief Prosecutor, Special Court for Sierra Leone. "Chief Prosecutor Announces the Arrival of Charles Taylor at the Special Court". Press Release from the Special Court for Sierra Leone, 29 March 2006. [5]
^ [http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=53650 1 June 2006
^ UK agrees to jail Charles Taylor, BBC News, 15 June 2006
^ Sizemore, Bill. "Robertson, Liberian Leader Hope to Strike Gold in Coastal Africa." The Virginian-Pilot. 2 June 1999. (Copy found at [6].) Charles Taylor...