Charles B. McVay III

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Captain Charles B. McVay III, last Commanding Officer of USS Indianapolis (CA-35), tells War Correspondents about the sinking of his ship. Photographed on Guam in August 1945, following the rescue of her survivors. Official U.S. Navy Photograph, National Archives

Captain Charles Butler McVay III (July 30, 1898 – November 6, 1968) was the Commanding Officer of the USS Indianapolis (CA-35) when it was lost in action in 1945 and rescue efforts were delayed, resulting in a tragic and massive loss of life. Captain McVay was a career naval officer with an exemplary record before the Indianapolis incident. In the wake of the tragedy he was unfairly blamed for the incident. After years of mental health problems he committed suicide, a broken man. Following years of efforts by survivors and others to clear his name, Captain McVay was finally exonerated by the United States Congress posthumously in 2000.

The Indianapolis' sinking was the U.S. Navy's greatest loss of life in a single incident. The tragedy and the subsequent treatment of Captain McVay are two of the darker events in the history of the U.S. Navy. It took over 50 years, the efforts of the survivors, the motivation and determination of a concerned 12 year old schoolboy, and the U.S. Congress to finally set the record straight.

In 1978, the events surrounding McVay's court-martial were dramatized in The Failure to ZigZag by playwright John B. Ferzacca. Actor Stacy Keach portrayed McVay in the 1991 made-for-television movie Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis, which depicted the ordeal of the men of the Indianapolis during her last, fateful voyage.

For additional information, see the main article USS Indianapolis (CA-35).

[edit] Education and career

Charles Butler McVay III was born in Ephrata, Pennsylvania on July 30, 1898 to a Navy family. His father, Charles Butler McVay Jr., had commanded the tender, Yankton during the cruise of the Great White Fleet (1907-1909). He was an admiral in the United States Navy during World War I. Later, in the earlier 1930s, he served as Commander-in-Chief, Asiatic Fleet.

Charles III was a 1920 graduate of the US Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Before taking command of the Indianapolis in November 1944, Captain McVay was chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee of the combined chiefs of staff in Washington, D.C., the Allies' highest intelligence unit. Earlier in World War II, he won the Silver Star for displaying courage under fire.

Captain McVay led the ship through the invasion of Iwo Jima, then the bombardment of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, during which Indianapolis antiaircraft guns shot down seven enemy planes before the ship was struck by a kamikaze on March 31, inflicting heavy casualties, including 13 dead, and penetrating the ship's hull. McVay returned the ship safely to Mare Island in California for repairs.

[edit] A secret mission, and destruction

Later that year, Indianapolis received orders to carry parts and nuclear material to be used in the atomic bombs which were soon to be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to Tinian. After delivering her top secret cargo, the ship was en route to report for further duty off Okinawa.

Early in the morning of July 30, 1945, she was attacked by Japanese submarine I-58, Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto in command. Hit by two torpedoes, two heavy explosions occurred against the starboard side forward, and Indianapolis capsized and sank in twelve minutes.

[edit] Delayed rescue: 5 days of horror in the water

About 300 of the 1,196 men on board died in the attack. The rest of the crew, nearly 900 men, floated in the water without lifeboats until the rescue was completed five days later. For reasons which have never been explained, the ship was not reported "overdue" and the rescue only came after survivors were spotted by pilot Lieutenant Wilber (Chuck) Gwinn and copilot Lieutenant Warren Colwell on a routine patrol flight. They suffered from lack of food and water, but the worst hazard came from constant shark attacks. Only 316 men survived. The horrific tale was made famous by Quint's monologue in the movie Jaws.

The seas had been moderate, the visibility good. Indianapolis had been steaming at 15.7 knots (31 km/h). When the ship did not reach Leyte on the 31st, as scheduled, no report was made that she was overdue. This omission was officially recorded later as "due to a misunderstanding of the Movement Report System". It was not until 10:25 on August 2 that the survivors were sighted, mostly held afloat by life jackets, although there were a few rafts which had been cut loose before the ship went down. They were sighted by a plane on routine patrol; the pilot immediately dropped a life raft and a radio transmitter. All air and surface units capable of rescue operations were dispatched to the scene at once.

Future U.S. Secretary of the Navy W. Graham Claytor Jr. was commander of the destroyer escort Cecil J. Doyle. After receiving the location from the seaplane, without orders, Captain Claytor took the initiative to speed to the area to check the reports of men floating in the water. As he approached at night, he turned searchlights on the water and straight up on low clouds, lighting up the night and exposing his ship to possible attack by Japanese submarines but rescuing almost 100 survivors of the sunken cruiser. Destroyers Madison and Ralph Talbot were ordered from Ulithi, and the destroyer escort Dufilho with attack transports Bassett and Ringness from the Philippine Frontier to the rescue scene, searching thoroughly for any survivors.

Upon completion of rescue operations, August 8, a radius of 100 miles (160 km) had been combed by day and by night. However, the effort was able to save only 316 of the crew of 1,199 men.

[edit] Controversy: a scapegoat

Although he was wounded, Captain McVay, commander of Indianapolis, survived and was among those rescued. He repeatedly asked the Navy why it took five days to rescue his men, and he never received an answer. The Navy long claimed that SOS messages were never received because the ship was operating under a policy of radio silence; declassified records now show that the Navy lied. At least three SOS messages were received separately, but none were acted upon because one commander was drunk, another had ordered his men not to disturb him and a third thought it was a Japanese prank. [1]

There was much controversy over the incident. In November 1945, McVay was court-martialed and convicted of "hazarding his ship by failing to zigzag." Several circumstances of the court-martial were controversial: there was overwhelming evidence that the United States Navy itself had placed the ship in harm's way; the commander of I-58, Mochitsura Hashimoto, testified that zigzagging would have made no difference; [2] and, although 700 ships of the U.S. Navy were lost in combat in World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed.

It was widely felt that he had been a scapegoat for the Navy. Despite the fact McVay was promoted to rear admiral when he retired in 1949, the conviction effectively ended McVay's career in the Navy, and he was hounded and blamed the rest of his life by grief-stricken relatives of the dead crewmen. McVay committed suicide by shooting himself with his service S&W Model 10 Victory revolver at his home in Litchfield, Connecticut on 6 November 1968, oddly, holding a toy soldier in his hand. [3]

[edit] Exoneration: a 50-year struggle

USS Indianapolis survivors organized, and many spent years attempting to clear their skipper's name. Many people, from son Charles McVay IV to author Dan Kurzman, who chronicled the Indianapolis tragedy in Fatal Voyage, to members of Congress long believed Capt. McVay was unfairly convicted. Paul Murphy, president of the USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization, said: "Capt. McVay's court-martial was simply to divert attention from the terrible loss of life caused by procedural mistakes which never alerted anyone that we were missing."

Finally, just over fifty years after the tragedy, a schoolboy in Pensacola, Florida, Hunter Scott (12 years old at the time), was instrumental in raising awareness of the miscarriage of justice carried out at the captain's court-martial. As part of a school history project, the young man interviewed nearly 150 survivors of the Indianapolis sinking and reviewed 800 documents. His testimony before the US Congress brought national attention to the longstanding injustice. Source: Detroit News, April 23, 1998

In October of 2000, the United States Congress passed a resolution that Captain McVay's record should reflect that "he is exonerated for the loss of the USS Indianapolis." President Clinton also signed the resolution [4].

"I would not have hesitated to serve under him again. His treatment by the Navy was unforgivable and shameful."

From statement submitted at September 1999 Senate hearing by Florian Stamm, one of the USS Indianapolis survivors

[edit] See also

• USS Indianapolis (CA-35)
• W. Graham Claytor Jr.
• List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II for other Navy ships lost in WWII.

[edit] References

• This article includes text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
• Doug Stanton, In Harm's Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors ISBN 0-8050-7366-3

[edit] External links

• USS Indianapolis — Still at sea
• Photographs of Indianapolis
• Allied Warships: USS Indianapolis (CA 35), Heavy cruiser of the Portland class
• USS INDIANAPOLIS COLLECTION, 1898-1991 — an "artificially-created" collection of materials regarding the history of the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis (CA 35).
• [5] "Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis"