Channel Tunnel Rail Link

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A Eurostar train on the CTRL, near Ashford

The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) is a project to construct a 108 km (67 mile) high-speed railway line from London through Kent to the British end of the Channel Tunnel. The second section of the CTRL, travelling across the River Thames and into London St. Pancras is scheduled to open on the 14th November 2007.^[1] Once open, it will be possible to travel from London St Pancras to Paris Gare du Nord in 2 hours 15 minutes and to Brussels in 1 hour 51 minutes.^[2] From 14 November 2006, London and Continental Railways adopted the branding High Speed 1 (HS1) for the completed Channel Tunnel Rail Link.

[edit] Route

Channel Tunnel Rail Link

Legend West Coast Main Line Midland Main Line 0km London St Pancras North London Line Thameslink 2000 tunnels East Coast Main Line London west tunnel 7.5km Temple Mills Eurostar Depot (single track) 9km Stratford International Temple Mills Line 10km London east tunnel 10km 21km Ripple Lane freight connection Rainham viaduct 0.5km 27km Aveley viaduct 1km 30km Thurrock viaduct (A282) 1.2km 32km River Thames tunnel 2.5km 37km Ebbsfleet International North Kent Line Phase 1 - Phase 2 boundary 39km Fawkham Junction link line to Chatham Main Line for London Waterloo 50km Medway Viaduct over Medway 1.2km 54km North Downs Tunnel 3.2km 88km Ashford cut and cover tunnel 1.5km South Eastern Main Line 89km 90km Ashford International Kent Coast Line, Ashford flyover, AtR(vCW)L 91km Marshlink Line, South Eastern Main Line South Eastern Main Line South Eastern Main Line 106km Dollands Moor Freight terminal M20 108km CTRL/Eurotunnel boundary Cheriton Shuttle Terminal (Folkestone) 109km Channel Tunnel to LGV Nord

All CTRL connections are fully grade-separated. This is achieved through use of viaducts, bridges, cuttings and one case, the tunnel portal itself.

• Temple Mills Depot: At Stratford International, there is an additional line in the centre of the station accessible from the St. Pancras end only. This single-track line passes through a double-sided platform, then rises up an incline to cross the south-bound "down" lines within the main Stratford International "box" before continuing in a tunnel until parallel with the Temple Mills Line where the line enters the depot.
• Ripple Lane Freight Connection: This occurs immediately before the entrance to the London Tunnels, allowing the "up" and "down" freight connections to meet on top of the tunnel portal.
• The 4km Waterloo Connection has a flat crossing at Fawkham Junction and a flyover for the southbound line; the main CTRL tracks continue uninterrupted through to CTRL Section 2 underneath the flyover.
• Ashford International: Normally at LGV stations, the through tracks are in the centre. At Ashford the station is off to one side of the LGV route. The CTRL approaches Ashford International from the north in a cut-and-cover "box"; the south-bound line rises out of this cutting and crosses over the main tracks to enter the station. The main CTRL tracks then rise out of the cutting and over a flyover. On leaving Ashford, southbound Eurostars return to the CTRL by travelling under this flyover and joining from the outside. The international platforms at Ashford are supplied with both 25kV and 3rd rail, avoiding the need to switch power-supplies.
• At Dollands Moor, the CTRL "up" and "down" lines divide with one going each side of the freight terminal and meet up again beyond the terminal. The connections to the freight terminal therefore join and leave from the centre of the main tracks at both ends of the complex.

[edit] Background

A high-speed rail line has been in operation on the French section of the Eurostar rail link since the Channel Tunnel's opening in 1994, carrying trains at 300 km/h (186 mph). A similar high-speed line from the French border to Brussels opened in 1997. In Britain, long-distance trains have had to share track with local traffic, limiting average speeds and limiting the number of services that can be run. In addition, the general state of Britain's rail infrastructure has caused frequent and unpredictable delays, reducing the appeal of the Eurostar service.

London and Continental Railways (LCR) was selected by the UK government in 1996 to undertake construction of the line as well as to take over the British share of the Eurostar operation, Eurostar (UK). The original LCR consortium members were National Express Group, Virgin Group, SBC Warburg, Bechtel and London Electric. Whilst the project was under development by British Rail it was managed by ‘‘Union Railways’’, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of LCR.

Originally, the whole route was to be constructed as a single project. However, in 1998 it ran into serious financial difficulties and with its future looking uncertain the project was split into two separate phases, to be managed by Union Railways (South) and Union Railways (North). A recovery programme was agreed whereby LCR sold government-backed bonds worth £1.6bn to pay for the construction of section 1, with the future of section 2 still looking in doubt. The original intention had been for the new railway, once completed, to be run by Union Railways as a separate line to the rest of the British railway network. However as part of the 1998 rescue plan it was agreed that following completion section 1 would be purchased by Railtrack, along with an option to purchase section 2. In return, Railtrack was committed to operate the whole route as well as St Pancras railway station which, unlike all other former British Rail stations, was transferred to LCR/Union Railways in 1996.

In 2001, Railtrack announced that due to its own financial problems it would not undertake to purchase section 2 once it was completed. This triggered a second restructuring. The 2002 plan agreed that the two sections would have different infrastructure owners (Railtrack for section 1, LCR for section 2) but with common management by Railtrack. Following yet further financial problems at Railtrack its interest in the CTRL was sold back to LCR who then sold the operating rights for the completed line to Network Rail, Railtrack's successor. Under this arrangement LCR will become the sole owner of both sections of the CTRL and the St Pancras property, as per the original 1996 plan.

As a consequence of the project's restructuring the LCR consortium is, as of 2006, construction firms Arup, Bechtel, Halcrow and Systra (who form Rail Link Engineering (RLE)), transport operators National Express Group and SNCF (who operate the Eurostar (UK) share of the Eurostar service with SNCB and British Airways), electricity company EDF and the UBS Investment Bank. Once sections 1 and 2 of the line have been completed by RLE they were/will be handed over to Union Railways (South) & Union Railways (North) respectively, who then hand them over to London & Continental Stations and Property (LCSP) who will be the long-term owners of the line with management, operation and maintenance undertaken by Network Rail.

In February 2006 there were strong rumours that a 'third party' (believed to be a consortium headed by banker Sir Adrian Montague) had expressed an interest in buying out the present partners in the project.^[3] LCR shareholders subsequently rejected the proposal,^[4] and the Government, who effectively could overule shareholders' decisions as a result of LCR's reclassification as a state-owned body,^[5] decided that discussions with shareholders would not take place imminently, effectively backing shareholders' views on the proposed takeover.^[4]

Some of the men and women who contributed to the successful design and subsequent completion of this mega-project are found in this Arup link.

[edit] The project

Model showing the current redevelopment of the King's Cross area with the new extension to the barrel-vaulted St Pancras Station on the left.

Section 1 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link is a 74 km (46 mile) section of high-speed track from the Channel Tunnel to Fawkham Junction in north Kent, opened in September 2003. Opening of section 1 cut the London–Paris journey time by around 21 minutes, to 2 h 35 min. The first section includes the Medway Viaduct, a 1.2 km (¾ mile) bridge over the River Medway and the North Downs Tunnel, a 3.2 km (2 mile) long, 12 m (40 ft) diameter tunnel. In safety testing on the section prior to opening, a new UK rail speed record of 334.7 km/h (208.0 mph) was set.^[6] Eurostar trains continue to use suburban lines to enter London, with the existing Waterloo International Terminal. Much of the new high-speed line runs alongside the M2 and M20 motorways through Kent.

Section 2 of the project, due to open on 14th November 2007, is a 39.4 km (24 mile) stretch of track from Ebbsfleet in Kent (near Northfleet) to London St Pancras. The route starts with a 2.5 km (1.5 mile) tunnel diving under the Thames near Dartford, then runs alongside the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway as far as Dagenham, where section 2 enters a 19 km (12 mile) tunnel, emerging over the East Coast Main Line near St Pancras. There are new stations at Ebbsfleet and London Stratford, with a new depot at Temple Mills to the north of Stratford. When the second phase of the CTRL is opened, all Eurostar trains will run to St Pancras International instead of Waterloo International.

On 6 March 2007, a Eurostar train ran along Phase 2 of the project and into St Pancras for the first time. ^[7]

[edit] Engineering notes

CTRL North Downs Tunnel, country portal near Blue Bell Hill

• The CTRL project is one of the United Kingdom's largest civil engineering projects, encompassing new bridges and tunnels as well as many kilometres of track and combined tunnels nearly as long as the Channel Tunnel itself.

• The twin tunnels bored under London were driven from Stratford westwards towards St Pancras, eastwards towards Dagenham and from Dagenham westwards to connect with the tunnel from Stratford. The tunnel boring machines were 120 m (130 yards) long and weighed 1,100 tonnes. The depth of the tunnel varies from 24m to 50m (80 to 165 feet).

• A complex junction has been constructed north of St Pancras with connections to the East Coast Main Line, North London Line (for West Coast Main Line) and Midland Main Line. As part of the works, tunnels connecting the East Coast Main Line to the Thameslink route were also built.

• At St Pancras station a new extension will double the length of the central platforms to be used for Eurostar services as well as providing a number of additional platforms for existing domestic Midland Mainline and brand new CTRL-based services.

[edit] Additional information

After local protests, early plans were modified to put much more of the track into tunnel up until a point approximately 1 mile from St Pancras. For example, the Link will now pass underneath in a tunnel, rather than alongside, the North London Line on approach into St Pancras. Previously, an elevated section had been expected. The CTRL Section 2 construction works have been causing considerable disruption around the Kings Cross area of London, but will bring in their wake much redevelopment. The huge redevelopment area includes the run-down areas of post-industrial and ex-railway land close to King's Cross and St Pancras.

In 2002 the CTRL project was awarded the "Major Project Award" at the British Construction Industry Awards.

Section 2 of the rail link was a factor in London's successful 2012 Olympic Bid, promising a seven-minute journey time from Stratford to St. Pancras to be operated as Olympic Javelin by Southeastern.

On Tuesday 16th August 2005, a fire broke out on a maintenance train in the tunnel under the Thames. A rail worker died at the scene,^[8] while a second worker suffered major burns and was taken to hospital; he died the following Saturday.^[9]

[edit] See also

• Rail transport in the United Kingdom
• Eurostar
• Regional Eurostar
• Transport in London
• UK Ultraspeed

[edit] References

1. ^ RailStaff (2006-11-14). High Speed One - and Only. Retrieved on 2006-11-14.
2. ^ Eurostar (2006-11-14). Eurostar to launch passenger services at St Pancras International on Wednesday 14 November 2007. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.
3. ^ Times Online (2006-02-19). City grandee tries to grab tunnel link firm. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.
4. ^ ^{a b} RailStaff (2006-03-31). LCR rejects takeover bid. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.
5. ^ Guardian Unlimited (2006-02-21). Debt-laden Channel tunnel rail link is 'nationalised'. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.
6. ^ [1]
7. ^ Railway Herald on-line magazine, Issue 75
8. ^ BBC News (2005-08-17). Man killed in rail tunnel blaze. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.
9. ^ BBC News (2005-08-21). Channel Tunnel burns victim dies. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.

[edit] External links

• London and Continental Railways Website
• Trade article
• Guardian Unlimited Interactive Guide to the CTRL (requires Flash)
• Jonathan Glancey, The Guardian, May 27, 2005, "Tunnel vision"
• Michael Pead :: Photos of the CTRL - collection of photos taken during Phase 1 construction
• Rail enthusiast's site