Changbai Mountains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Changbai Mountains | |
|---|---|
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese: | 長白山地 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 长白山地 |
| Hanyu Pinyin: | Chángbái Shāndì (chang2 bai2 shan1 di4) |
| Wade-Giles: | Ch'ang-pai Shan-ti |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul: | 장백 산맥 |
| Hanja: | 長白山脈 |
| Revised Romanization: | Jangbaek sanmaek |
| McCune-Reischauer: | Changbaek sanmaek |
The Changbai Mountains or Jangbaek Mountains are a mountain range on the border between China and North Korea. The range extends from the Northeast Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning to the North Korean provinces of Ryanggang and Chagang. Most peaks exceed 2,000 metres in height, with the highest mountain being the Changbai Mountain(In Korean, called Baekdu Mountain).
The range represents the mythical birthplace of Bukūri Yongšon, ancestor of Nurhaci and the Aisin Gioro Imperial family, who were the founders of the Manchu state and the Chinese Qing dynasty. The name literally means "Perpetually White Mountain Region" in Mandarin Chinese and "Perpetually White Mountain Range" in Korean.
Changbaishan Nature Reserve, established in 1960, was involved in the UNESCO's "Man and Biosphere" program in 1980 and becomes part of the world's biosphere reserves. Approved by the State Council in 1986, it becomes a State-level reserve.
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[edit] History
It was first recorded in the Chinese classic text Shan Hai Jing with the name Buxian Shan(不咸山,即神仙山, the Mountain with God. 《山海經·大荒北經》：“大荒之中，有山名曰不咸，有肅慎氏之國。”). It's also called Shanshan Daling(單單大嶺, the Big Big Big Mountain. 《說文》：“單，大也。”《後漢書·東夷列傳》：“自單單大領(嶺)已東，沃沮、濊貊悉屬樂浪。”) in the Book of Later Han. In the Book of Tang, it was called Taibai Shan(太白山, the Old White Mountain.《舊唐書·方伎列傳》：“周宣帝時，思邈以王室多故，乃隱居太白山。”).
The territory has been, successively, the home of the Mohe tribes and Jurchen people, occupied by the kingdoms of Goguryeo, Balhae and Liao (Khitan,907-1125).The current Chinese name Changbai Shan was first used in the Liao Dynasty.
The Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) bestowed the title "the King Who Makes the Nation Prosperous and Answers with Miracles" (興國靈應王 Xingguo Lingying Wang) on the mountain god in 1172 and it was promoted to "the Emperor Who Cleared the Sky with Tremendous Sagehood" (開天宏聖帝 Kaitian Hongsheng Emperor) in 1193. According to Wei Yuan's work on warfare in the early Qing Dynasty, Shengwuji ("Our august dynasty's military memorial"), the Tungus tribes of Neyen and Yalu were living in this territory during in the Ming dynasty. Later it formed part of the Manchu Later Jin Empire (changed to Qing), created by Nurhaci. During the Qing Dynasty, the Kangxi Emperor designated the Changbai Mountain as the legendary birthplace of the imperial family Aisin Gioro following a survey. He set a forbidden zone around the mountain. The Qing Dynasty held annual rites for the mountain, as did the earlier Jin Dynasty.
[edit] Economy
The range plays an important economic role. It is known for a variety of ginseng that grows there. In addition, the heavily-forested slopes are an important area for logging. In recent years, tourism has also become an increasingly important source of revenue on the Chinese side.
[edit] Geography and climate
The highest mountain is Baekdu Mountain (2,745 m), a volcano which is also known as Changbai Mountain. Baekdu mountain is the source of the Songhua, Tumen (Tuman) and Yalu (Amnok) rivers. Many tributaries of the Liao He also originate from the Changbai Mountains.
The climate in the mountains is very cold during winter, with absolute minima on the highest peaks in January as low as −45°C (−49°F), but reaching 17°C (62°F) in July. Precipitation is low in the winter but in the higher parts very high in the summer, with annual averages reaching as high as 1,150 mm (45 inches) and over 300 mm (12 inches) in July alone. The dry winters mean there are no glaciers even on the highest and wettest peaks, but permafrost extends down to 1,800 metres (5,900 feet) and is continuous on the highest peaks.
[edit] Flora and fauna
The rugged terrain of the Changbai Mountains provides refuge for many rare animals, including bears, and Siberian tigers. A large portion of the Jilin Province side is protected as the Changbaishan Nature Reserve (長白山自然保護區), which covers more than 2,100 square kilometres.
The vegetation of the mountain slopes is divided into several different zones. At the top, above 2000 metres, tundra predominates. From 1700 to 2000 metres, vegetation is dominated by mountain birch and larch. Below this zone, and down to 1100 metres, the dominant trees are spruce, fir, and Korean pine. From 600 to 1100 metres, the landscape is dominated by mixed forest, consisting of Amur linden, Korean pine, maple, and elm. Further down, a temperate hardwood forest is found, dominated by second-growth poplar and birch. (Liu et al., p. 3388).
[edit] References
- Liu, Q.J., Takamura, T., Takeuchi, N., Shao, G. (2002). Mapping of boreal vegetation of a temperate mountain in China by multitemporal LANDSAT imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23(17), 3385–3405.
[edit] See also
- Baekdu Mountain
- Changbai Waterfall
- Geography of China
- Geography of North Korea
- List of mountains in Korea
[edit] External links
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