Cedar Revolution

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You have new messages (last change).

This article is part of the series on:

History of Lebanon
Ancient History
Phoenicia
Ancient history of Lebanon
Foreign Rule
Assyrian Domination
Babylonian Domination
Persian Domination
Greek Domination
Armenian Domination
Roman Domination
Byzantine Domination
Arab Domination
Ottoman Domination
French Domination
Modern Lebanon
1958 Lebanon crisis
Lebanese Civil War
1982 Lebanon War
2005 Lebanon bombings
Cedar Revolution
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
Present political crisis
Topical
Military history
Economic history
Timeline of Lebanese history
This box: view • talk • edit

The Cedar Revolution was a chain of demonstrations and popular civic action in Lebanon (especially in the capital Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on February 14, 2005.

The primary goals of the original activists were the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon, the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination of Prime Minister Hariri, the resignation of security officials, and the organization of free parliamentary elections. The demonstrators requested the end of the Syrian influence in Lebanese politics. At the start of the demonstrations, Syria had been maintaining a force of roughly 14,000 soldiers and intelligence agents in Lebanon.[1] Following the demonstrations, the Syrian troops completely withdrew from Lebanon on April 27, 2005. The Pro-Syrian government was also disbanded, accomplishing the main goal of the revolution. (For background information on Syria's involvement in Lebanese politics, see the articles History of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War, and Syrian occupation of Lebanon.)

The opposition has taken, as its symbol, the white and red scarf, and the pro-Hariri blue ribbon. Popular mottos of the movement were Horriyeh, Siyadeh, Istiqlal (Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence), and Haqiqa, Horriyeh, Wahdeh wataniyeh (Truth, Freedom, National unity).

Contents

[edit] Goals

The main goal of the Cedar Revolution was the ending of the Syrian military occupation of Lebanon which had lasted about 30 years (since 1976). In addition, many Lebanese called for the return of former Prime Minister Michel Aoun, in exile since 1989, and the release of the imprisoned Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea as a goal of the revolution.

Some goals whose accomplishment is sometimes cited in order for the revolution to end include:

  • Uniting all Lebanese in their fight for freedom and independence
  • Ousting Karami's Pro-Syrian regime
  • Firing the six Lebanese commanders of the nation's main security services along with the State Prosecutor
  • Executing the complete withdrawal of the Syrian troops and their security services from Lebanon
  • Unmasking the killers of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri
  • Running free and democratic parliament elections in spring 2005 free from Syrian interference

[edit] Origins of the name

The name "Cedar Revolution" is a term that was coined by the U.S. Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs Paula J. Dobriansky in a news conference,[2][3] and used to draw a comparison with the Rose Revolution of Georgia, the Orange Revolution of Ukraine, and the "Purple Revolution" (as described by George W. Bush) of Iraq.

It is also known as Lebanon's Intifada-al-Istiqlal as well as Cedar Spring (Rabi' el Arz),[4] in reference to the prevailing season when protests first broke out, and also as an allusion to famous freedom and independence movements like the Prague Spring.[5] The names used by the local media, like the LBC and Future TV, to describe this event include Lebanon Independence (Istiqlal Lubnan), Lebanon Spring (Rabi' Lubnan), or just Independence 05. It is also sometimes called Arab Spring in reference to Prague Spring.

The word Cedar refers to a national emblem, the Cedar of Lebanon, a tree featured on the flag of Lebanon. The term "cedars of Lebanon" occurs throughout the Hebrew Scriptures, "The trees of the LORD are well watered, the cedars of Lebanon that he planted." Isaiah 2:13 NIV.

[edit] Civilian groups and organizations involved in the revolution

[edit] Main political parties involved in the revolution

In Alphabetical Order:

Democratic Renewal Movement (Harakat Al-Tajadod Al-Dimokrati) Leader: Nassib Lahoud, former MP and presidential hopeful

Democratic Left (Yassar Dimoukrati) Leader: Elias Atallah, MP and former member of the communist party

Free Patriotic Movement (Tayyar Al-Watani Al-Horr) Leader: Michel Aoun, MP and presidential hopeful

Future Movement (Tayyar Al Mustaqbal) Leader: Saad Hariri, MP and son of Rafiq Hariri

Lebanese Forces (Ouwet el Lebneniye) Leader: Samir Geagea, former militia leader

National Liberal Party (Hizb Al-Wataniyin Al-Ahrar) Leader: Dory Chamoun, son of former President Camille Chamoun

Phalangist Party (Al-Kataeb Al-Loubnaniya) Superior President: Amin Gemayel, former President of Republic. President: Karim Pakradouni, former MP

Progressive Socialist Party(Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki) Leader: Walid Jumblat, MP and son of former leader Kamal Jumblat

[edit] How it all started

On February 14, 2005, the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated in a car-bomb attack, which killed 21 and wounded nearly 100. Former Minister of Economy and Trade Bassel Fleihan later died as well from injuries sustained in the blast. This attack sparked huge demonstrations that seemed to unite large numbers of citizens from the usually fractured and sectarian Lebanese population. It was the second such incident in four months: former minister and MP Marwan Hamadeh had survived a car bomb attack on October 1, 2004.

Within hours of the assassination, Lebanese prosecutors issued warrants for the arrest of six Australian nationals who flew out of Beirut to Sydney, Australia three hours after the explosion claiming that seats occupied by the men had tested positive for traces of explosives, and that they were travelling without luggage. The Australian Federal Police interviewed ten individuals in Sydney upon the arrival of the flight, and found the men they questioned did have luggage. Although Sydney air port security sniffer dogs trained to find explosives did react to aircraft seats occupied by the men,[6] test swabs taken from three of the men by the Australian Federal Police tested negative for explosives. Within 48 hours, the Australian Federal Police absolved the six of any involvement in the assassination, giving little credibility to claims of the Lebanese officials.

Despite the lack, to date, of any actual substantial evidence implicating any party or individual, the Syrian government has borne the brunt of Lebanese and international outrage at the murder, because of its extensive military and intelligence influence in Lebanon, as well as the public rift between Hariri and Damascus just before his last resignation on October 20, 2004. The day after Hariri's resignation, pro-Syrian former Prime Minister Omar Karami was appointed Prime Minister.[7]

Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, a recent adherent to the anti-Syrian opposition, emboldened by popular anger and civic action, alleged in the wake of the assassination that in August 2004 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad threatened Hariri, saying "[President of Lebanon] Lahoud is me. ... If you and Chirac want me out of Lebanon, I will break Lebanon."[8] He was quoted as saying "When I heard him telling us those words, I knew that it was his condemnation of death." The United States, the EU and the UN have stopped short of any accusations, choosing instead to demand a Syrian pullout from Lebanon and an open and international investigation of the Assassination. Jumblatt's comments are not without controversy; the BBC describes him as "being seen by many as the country's political weathervane" - consistently changing allegiances to emerge on the winning side of the issues de jour through the turmoil of the 1975-90 civil war and its troubled aftermath.[9] He was a supporter of Syria after the war but switched sides after the death of former Syrian president Hafez al-Assad in 2000. His account is quoted, but not confirmed, in the UN's FitzGerald Report. The report stops short of directly accusing Damascus or any other party, saying that only a further thorough international inquest can identify the culprit.[10] The Lebanese government has agreed to this inquiry, though calling for the full participation, not supremacy, of its own agencies and the respect of Lebanese sovereignty.[11] (See international reaction below.)

On February 21, 2005 tens of thousands of Lebanese protestors held a rally at the site of the assassination calling for an end of Syrian occupation and blaming Syria and the pro-Syrian president Emile Lahoud for the murder. In the subsequent weeks, nearly every Monday, a demonstration has been held at Beirut's Martyrs Square (also referred to by protestors as "Liberty Square"), in addition to the constant daily gathering of Lebanese there.[12]

Similar demonstrations by Lebanese immigrants have also taken place in several cities across the world, including Sydney - Australia (where over 10 000 people demonstrated in the city), San Francisco, Paris, Düsseldorf, Montreal, and London.

Syria's rift with Hariri is believed to have stemmed from his opposition to the controversial Syrian-backed constitutional amendment that extended Lahoud's term as President.

[edit] Government resigns

Daily protests against the Syrian occupation attracted 25,000 people. While in the 1990s most anti-Syrian demonstrations were predominantly Christian and were put down by force, the new demonstrations were distinctly non-sectarian and the government had not, to date, responded with force or intimidation.[13]

On February 28 the government of pro-Syrian prime minister Omar Karami resigned, calling for a new election to take place. Karami said in his announcement: "I am keen the government will not be a hurdle in front of those who want the good for this country". The tens of thousands gathered at Beirut's Martyrs' Square cheered the announcement, then chanted "Karami has fallen, your turn will come, Lahoud, and yours, Bashar".[14]

Opposition MPs were not satisfied with only Karami's resignation, and kept pressing for full Syrian withdrawal. Former minister and MP Marwan Hamadeh, who survived a similar car bomb attack on October 1, 2004, said "I accuse this government of incitement, negligence and shortcomings at the least, and of covering up its planning at the most... if not executing".

On March 23, Michel Abu Arraj, the Lebanese magistrate responsible for the internal Lebanese investigation of the assassination asked to be excused, citing a heavy court schedule. The Judicial Council of Lebanon is expected to rule on his request shortly.[15] His resignation and the consequent need to replace him may result in a delay in the investigation.

[edit] International reaction

Hariri's murder triggered increased international pressure on Syria. In a joint statement, U.S. President George W. Bush and French president Jacques Chirac condemned the killing and called for full implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1559, which requires the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the disarming of the Hezbollah group thriving in southern Lebanon.

At one point there seemed to be confusion about the extent to which Syria was willing to withdraw from Lebanon. Arab League head Amr Moussa declared that Syrian president Assad promised him a phased withdrawal over a two-year period, but the Syrian Information Minister Mahdi Dakhlallah said that Moussa had misunderstood the Syrian leader. Dakhlallah said that Syria will merely move its troops to eastern Lebanon. Since then, Syria has declared that Resolution 1559 will be fully complied with, and in a matter of months rather than years.

On March 15, upon hearing purportedly leaked information that the United Nations' special investigation may have found that the Lebanese authorities covered up evidence of the murder, Columnist Robert Fisk alleges that Hariri's two sons fled Lebanon, reportedly after being warned that they too were in danger of assassination.[16]

UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, in response to a request by the Security Council, sent a team of Irish, Egyptian and Moroccan specialists, led by Ireland's deputy police commissioner, Peter FitzGerald, to investigate the assassination. Even before the FitzGerald Report was published, Annan has said a further, more comprehensive investigation may be necessary. FitzGerald thanked the Lebanese government for its cooperation before departing.[17] The report cites the Syrian presence in Lebanon as a factor contributing to the instability and polarization that preceded the assassination. The report also criticizes the Lebanese government and intelligence agencies for the handling of their own investigation into the affair, calling it flawed and inconclusive. The Lebanese government in turn has described the report as "alien to reality" and criticized the UN team for not seeking broader government participation in the investigation. The government has agreed to a further, more comprehensive international inquiry, but insisted that any future inquiry would have to work with the government. At a press conference on March 25, Lebanese Foreign Minister Mahmoud Hammoud said the inquiry would be expected to work within an established framework "in co-operation with the state".[11]

[edit] Syrian reaction

On March 2, 2005, Syrian leader Bashar Assad announced that his troops would leave Lebanon completely "in the next few months". Responding to the announcement, opposition leader Walid Jumblatt said that he wanted to hear more specifics from Damascus about any withdrawal: "It's a nice gesture but 'next few months' is quite vague - we need a clear-cut timetable".[18] The closure and evacuation of most Syrian military and intelligence offices and checkpoints in and around the capital and elsewhere, along with substantial troop movements, may indicate concrete moves towards full withdrawal. No actual complete pullout has yet been certified by the UN, although U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice expressed cautious optimism on signs of some Syrian withdrawals.

On March 3, Germany and Russia (Syria's Cold War ally) joined those calling for Syria to comply with Resolution 1559. German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder said: "Lebanon should be given an opportunity for sovereignty and development and this can only be achieved by complying with Security Council resolutions that stipulate immediate Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon."[19]

The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, stated that "Syria should withdraw from Lebanon, but we all have to make sure that this withdrawal does not violate the very fragile balance which we still have in Lebanon, which is a very difficult country ethnically."[20]

On March 5 Syrian leader Assad declared in a televised speech that Syria would withdraw its forces to the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon, and then to the border between Syria and Lebanon. He did not provide a timetable for a complete withdrawal of Syrian forces from Lebanon.

On the weekend of April 9th and 10th, on the anniversary of the ignition of the Lebanese Civil war, the last remaining Syrian troops left Lebanon, ending their 30 year presence.[21]

[edit] Response from the Arab world

Arab states have also joined in with the withdrawal demands. As Al-Assad arrived in Saudi Arabia for emergency consultation with Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdel-Aziz, Assad was told in no uncertain terms that Syria must comply with UN Security Council demands immediately. It was reported by the opposition Lebanese newspaper The Daily Star that Assad offered to remove most of the 15,000 troops Syria has stationed in Lebanon during the talks, but insisted on leaving a force of 3,000 in the country.[22] This has not been independently corroborated.

The annual Arab summit, which took place on March 23 in Algeria, did not ask Syria to withdraw, which would have given the pullback an Arab endorsement as envisaged in the 1989 Taif Agreement rather than making it dependent on Resolution 1559. Algerian Foreign Minister Abdel-Aziz Belkhadem discussed the consensus ahead of the summit, stating that "we all agreed to demand the implementation of the Taif Accord with respect to international legitimacy". Controversially, the crisis in Lebanon was not included on the agenda for the summit,[23] which almost half of the Arab leaders did not attend.

[edit] Pro-Syrian demonstration

Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah called for a "massive popular gathering" on March 8 supporting Syria and accusing Israel and the United States of meddling in internal affairs. Nasrallah also criticized UN Resolution 1559 saying "The resistance will not give up its arms ... because Lebanon needs the resistance to defend it", and added "all the articles of U.N. resolution give free services to the Israeli enemy who should have been made accountable for his crimes and now finds that he is being rewarded for his crimes and achieves all its demands."[24]

This Beirut rally called by Hezbollah dwarfed the earlier anti-Syrian events; CNN noted some news agencies estimated the crowd at 200,000,[25] the Associated Press news agency estimated that there were more than 500,000 pro-Syrian protestors, while the New York Times and Los Angeles Times simply estimated "hundreds of thousands".[26][27] Al Jazeera reported a figure of 1.5 million. The predominantly Shi'ite protestors held pictures of Syrian President Bashar Assad and placards reading, in English, "No for the American Intervention". A couple of anti-Syrian media sources noted that it was likely that many of Lebanon's approximately 500,000 Syrian guest workers participated in the rally.[28][29] In addition to demonstrating the extent of popular support for Syria in Lebanon, the demonstration reiterated Hezbollah's rejection of Resolution 1559, whose call for the disbanding of all Lebanese militias threatens the continued existence of its military wing, the force widely credited for the liberation of south Lebanon. Nasrallah also held demonstrations in Tripoli and Nabatiyé on 11 and 13 March.

10 days after his resignation, Omar Karami was reappointed Prime Minister and called on the opposition to participate in government until the elections slated for April 2005.

On March 13, tens of thousands protested in the southern city of Nabatiyé in support of Syria and opposition to UNSCR 1559, according to reports. The Tripoli protests were cancelled.

[edit] Resurgent counter-demonstrations

On March 14, the one-month memorial of the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, hundreds of thousands of Lebanese rallied in central Beirut on Monday chanting "Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence" and carrying a huge Lebanese flag. They flocked from throughout the country, many unable to even enter the city due to heavy traffic. The peaceful rally was considered to be "the largest demonstration ever seen in Lebanon",[30] with estimations of a turnout ranging from 800,000 to more than one million; the international news media also estimated that it was considerably larger than the earlier pro-Syrian rally. The demonstration was called by the different factions of the anti-Syrian opposition (including the Hariri family and other groupings) and was trumpeted by the different private media, namely Future TV, a private enterprise that is part of the huge media empire controlled by Hariri's family and the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation LBCI, generally aligned with the Lebanese Forces Christian party.

The demonstration occurred in Martyrs' Square, the site of Hariri's grave and a center of the newly reconstructed city rebuilt in large part through Hariri's efforts. During the Lebanese civil war, factional infighting between the groups united in Martyrs' Square had turned the area into an impassable moonscape.

The Lebanese protestors demanded an international inquiry into Hariri's murder, the firing of Syrian-backed security chiefs in the Lebanese government, and a total Syrian pullout from Lebanon.[31][32]

[edit] Events following March 14, 2005

  • At about midnight on Saturday, March 19, 2005, a blast shook the northern suburb of New Jdeideh, a part-residential, part-commercial area, injuring 11 people.
  • Early on Wednesday morning, March 23, 2005, a bomb tore through a shopping center in Kaslik, near the port of Jounieh, approximately 10 miles (15km) north of Beirut, killing an unidentified person and two Indian workers, and injuring one Lebanese. The bomb collapsed the roof of the center and shattered shop windows. The area is considered the heartland of the Christian, anti-Syrian opposition. President Emile Lahoud has ordered an investigation. He said the attack sought to propel Lebanon into "chaos and fear" and he renewed calls for discussions between opposition and government/loyalist politicians "as the only means to break the current deadlock and bridge all differences". The opposition has blamed Damascus supporters for recent violence, saying they are keen to stir unrest to justify the presence of Syrian troops in Lebanon. "It is clear that those who carried out this attack are targeting the security and stability of the country," opposition lawmaker Faris Bouez told reporters at the scene.
  • On Sunday night, March 27, 2005, a large bomb exploded in a mostly Christian suburb of Beirut, causing extensive damage and killing two Indian citizens who were working in the area and injuring eight other people. The United States condemned the latest attack, and called for improved security measures. The blast caused panic throughout Beirut, with mounting concerns of deteriorating stability. Pro-Syrian terrorist groups are suspected of undermining the country's stability to discourage the withdrawal of Syrian troops, although no persons or groups have yet been identified as suspects.
  • On Thursday, March 31, 2005, a group of 70 opposition MPs met to demand that a neutral administration be in place to oversee the planned May 31 elections. In a statement, they said "The authorities are working to sabotage elections in a dangerous bid to prolong the mandate of the current parliament," the opposition said in a statement. The opposition blames the head of state Emile Lahoud, parliament speaker Nabih Berri and parliament for this situation, and calls for them to meet their obligations without delaying tactics." This was in response to the postponement of Prime Minister Omar Karami's official stepping down, which was meant to have taken place on April 5, and is now postponed until at least April 8. Karami was forced to step down again after being reappointed because he failed to prevail on members of the opposition to join a national unity government.[33]
  • On Monday, April 18, 2005, Former Minister of Economy and Trade Bassel Fleihan died in Paris, finally succumbing to injuries sustained in the February 14th blast. Fleihan was sitting beside Hariri when the explosion occurred; although his survival was heralded as a miracle, he suffered severe burns over 95% of his body. Fleihan is the second major public figure to have been killed by the bombing.
  • May 6, 2005, Twenty-two people were wounded in the attack in Jounieh and five of them are still hospitalised reports AFP, No one was killed in the explosion, contrary to the early reports that emerged after the attack.
  • June 2, 2005, After a long period without attacks, a car bomb in a mostly Christian neighborhood of Beirut kills Samir Kassir, a prominent Anti-Syrian journalist who wrote for the An-Nahar newspaper. Samir Kassir was also one of the founders of the Democratic Left Movement.[34]

[edit] Withdrawal of Syrian troops

On April 26, 2005 international news agencies and the UN reported the last Syrian troops and intelligence agents had crossed the border in withdrawal from Lebanon. The Syrian government officially notified the United Nations that it had withdrawn its troops in line with UN Security Council Resolution 1559, adopted in September of 2004. In a letter to the UN, Syrian Foreign Minister Farouq al-Shara said his country "would like to officially inform you that the Syrian Arab forces stationed in Lebanon, at the request of Lebanon and under an Arab mandate, have fully withdrawn all their military, security apparatus and assets." On April 27, 2005,[36] the Lebanese People celebrated for the first time their first FREE-FROM-SYRIA day.[37] Also on April 27, 2005, the Washington Post reported that "Syria has not withdrawn a significant part of its intelligence presence in Lebanon, undermining its claim yesterday to have ended its 29-year intervention in its western neighbor, U.S., European and U.N. officials said."[38] This claim was reiterated by US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice on May 25.[39]

[edit] Additional violent repercussions

In addition to the car-bombs listed above that have gone off all over Lebanon, many Syrian workers have also been killed or wounded. According to Amnesty International, tens of Syrian workers have been killed and scores of others beaten, shot, threatened or robbed in Lebanon since the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri on 14 February 2005. Lebanese assailants set fire to tents and other temporary housing of Syrian workers.

[edit] Wave of democracy?

Both participants and observers of the Cedar Revolution demonstrations have asked if the movement was influenced by recent local and regional events supporting democracy. Recent elections in Afghanistan, Iraq, and by the Palestinian Authority, a recent announcement that Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak will allow multiparty elections, and recent limited municipal elections in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, may have provided examples of movement toward democratic governance. Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt remarked to a reporter of the Washington Post, "It's strange for me to say it, but this process of change has started because of the American invasion of Iraq. I was cynical about Iraq. But when I saw the Iraqi people voting three weeks ago, 8 million of them, it was the start of a new Arab world". In this sense, the Cedar Revolution may also prove to be a dividend of the Bush administration's global war on terror.

Other views maintain that Lebanese anger against perceived Syrian hegemony had been simmering for decades, and the assassination of a popular leader was the spark that gave birth to the movement, independently of foreign and regional developments. Lebanese opposition leader and newspaper columnist Samir Kassir, for example, wrote that "democracy is spreading in the region not because of George Bush but despite him." He gave far more credit to the Palestinian uprising as an inspiration to Lebanese activists.[40]

Others caution that very little has actually changed, apart from the mainly "cosmetic" disappearance of Syrian Soldiers from their presence on the outskirts of Lebanese cities, and that Syrian control of Lebanese foreign affairs and trade may yet endure. Some critics argue that the rush to celebrate a supposed 'Revolution' was far too premature.[41]

When Omar Karami failed to form a government, he resigned for good on April 13, 2005, and elections were called for the period of May 29 through June 19, 2005. Saad al-Hariri formed an anti-Syrian bloc that, ultimately, won 72 of the 128 available seats in the unicameral National Assembly.

Following Israel's air strikes on Lebanon in July 2006, the position of the United States was under scrutiny with regard to its professed strong support for the Siniora Government which eventually emerged from the so-called Cedar Revolution. The US, while having engaged in dialogue with the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, reproached Syria for its contacts with Hezbollah, while expecting Syria to use its good offices to rein in Hezbollah, but refusing in turn to rein in Israel. This underlined the fragility of the Siniora Government. Some would argue that the US's passivity vis-a-vis Israel in July 2006 demonstrated the limited extent of its commitment to the survival of the Siniora Government. It is arguable also that failure to support Siniora by diplomatically restraining Israel could create a vacuum into which the Syrian influence, which the US professes to wish to counter, could re-emerge. Others, including the Neo-Conservatives particularly identified with US support for the so-called Cedar Revolution, would argue that the US's role in Lebanon is wholly benign.

[edit] Two-Year Anniversary

On February 14, 2007, hundreds of thousands of defiant Lebanese gathered peacefully in Martyr’s Square to commemorate the second anniversary of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri's assassination. The large number proved that the Cedar Revolution was still going on, especially when the crowds turned the commemoration into a defiant opportunity to blame Syria and Hezbollah for Lebanon's political woes.[42] The demonstrators fell silent at exactly 12:55 PM, the time of the explosion that killed Hariri on Feb. 14, 2005. Only the muezzin making the Islamic call to prayer and the solemn tolling of church bells could be heard, a refreshing reaffirmation of the coexistence that can be possible in Lebanon.[43]

[edit] See also

Wikinews has news related to:
  • 2005 Lebanon bombings
  • Color revolutions - as a series of related movements
  • Kurt Schock, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies, University of Minnesota Press, 2005.

[edit] References

  1. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4322477.stm
  2. ^ http://www.state.gov/g/rls/rm/2005/42793.htm
  3. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A1911-2005Mar2.html
  4. ^ http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-3-2005_pg3_6
  5. ^ http://world.mediamonitors.net/headlines/as_the_globe_spins_coverage_of_lebanons_demonstrations_doesnt_tell_whole_story
  6. ^ AM (2005). "Lebanon Asks AFP to Investigate Assassination of PM". Retrieved November 2, 2006.
  7. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3763120.stm
  8. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/international/middleeast/20lebanon.html?ei=5094&en=441b692d8c0ef46a&hp=&ex=1111294800&partner=homepage&pagewanted=all&position=
  9. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4348129.stm
  10. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/25/international/middleeast/25hariri.html?pagewanted=all&position=
  11. ^ a b http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4383321.stm
  12. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4283543.stm
  13. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4315223.stm
  14. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4305927.stm
  15. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4375835.stm
  16. ^ http://news.independent.co.uk/world/fisk/story.jsp?story=619657
  17. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4375325.stm
  18. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4310699.stm
  19. ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=13156
  20. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4315107.stm
  21. ^ http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,12813616%255E2703,00.html
  22. ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=13156
  23. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4376599.stm
  24. ^ http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&ncid=721&e=1&u=/nm/20050306/wl_nm/lebanon_hizbollah_dc
  25. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/03/08/lebanon.syria/index.html
  26. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/08/international/middleeast/08cnd-beirut.html
  27. ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/me.asp?service_ID=7326
  28. ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20050309-120527-4599r.htm
  29. ^ http://www.cjrdaily.org/archives/001370.asp
  30. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/14/international/middleeast/14cnd-beir.html?hp&ex=1110862800&en=87531eefaf13446e&ei=5094&partner=homepage
  31. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/international/international-lebanon.html
  32. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33571-2005Mar14.html?nav=headlines
  33. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4398385.stm
  34. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/06/02/beirut.blast/index.html
  35. ^ http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2005/06/vigil_held_to_h.php
  36. ^ http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Press/PR04.htm
  37. ^ http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Documents/CDL-Exclusives/PostLiberation.htm
  38. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/26/AR2005042601264.html
  39. ^ http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Cedar-Revolution-moves-towards-free-democracy/2005/05/27/1117129897892.html?oneclick=true
  40. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-co/hotcontent/index.html?section=world/mideast
  41. ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=14143
  42. ^ http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L14444450.htm
  43. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070214/ap_on_re_mi_ea/lebanon

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../c/e/d/Cedar_Revolution_7ba2.html"