Catalogue of Ships
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The Catalogue of Ships (νεῶν κατάλογος; neōn katalogos)[1] is a passage in Book 2 of Homer's Iliad (2.494-759), which lists the contingents of the Achaean army that sailed to Troy. The sonorous catalogue gives the names of the leaders of each contingent, lists the settlements in the kingdom represented by the contingent, sometimes with a descriptive epithet that fills out a half-verse or articulates the flow of names and parentage and place, and gives the number of ships required to transport the men to Troy, offering further differentiations of weightiness. A similar, though shorter, Catalogue of the Trojans and their allies follows (2.816-877).
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[edit] Historical background
The designation Catalogue of Ships suggests that the passage is in some way detachable from its context. It is bracketed between two invocations. In the debate since antiquity[2] over the Catalogue of Ships, the core questions have concerned the extent of historical credibility of the account, whether it was written by Homer himself, to what extent it reflects a pre-Homeric document or memorized tradition, surviving perhaps in part from Mycenaean times, or whether it is a result of post-Homeric development.[3] The separate debate over the identity of Homer and the authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey is conventionally termed "the Homeric Question".
The consensus before the mid-twentieth century was that the Catalogue of Ships was not the work of the man who wrote the Iliad,[4] though great pains had been taken to render it a work of art;[5] furthermore, that the material of the text is essentially Mycenaean or sub-Mycenaean, while disagreement centers largely on the extent of later additions.
If taken to be an accurate account, the Catalogue provides a rare summary of the geopolitical situation in early Greece at some time between the Late Bronze Age and the eighth century BC. Following Milman Parry's theory of Homeric oral poetry, some scholars, such as Denys Page, argue that it represents a pre-Homeric recitation incorporated into the epic by Homer.[6] A few argue that parts of the recitation, such as the formulae describing places, date as early as the time of the Trojan War in the mid 13th century BC, or possibly before. Others contend that the Catalogue is based on the time of Homer himself in the eighth century BCE and represents an anachronistic attempt to impose contemporary information to events five centuries earlier.[citation needed]
An intermediate theory is that the catalogue developed through a process of accretion during the poem's oral transmission and reflects gradual inclusion of the homelands of local sponsors by individual singers[citation needed]. In the most recent extended study of the Catalogue, Edzard Visser, of the University of Basel, concludes that the Catalogue is compatible with the rest of the Iliad in its techniques of verse improvisation, that the order of the names is meaningful and that the geographical epithets evince concrete geographical knowledge. Visser argues that this knowledge was transmitted by the heroic myth, elements of which introduce each geographical section.[7] W. W. Minton places the catalogue within similar "enumerations" in Homer and Hesiod, and suggests that part of their purpose was to impress the audience with a display of the performer's memory.[8]
The most striking feature of the catalogue's geography is that it does not portray Greece in the Iron Age, the time of Homer. By then an ethnic identity called the Dorians had enveloped western Greece, the Peloponnesus and Crete, while the shores of Ionia were densely populated by a people claiming to descend from families in the now-Dorian regions of Greece.
Instead the catalogue portrays a loose union of city-states ruled by hereditary families under the hegemony of the king of Mycenae. Nearly none of them are Dorian. The Greeks are mainly missing from the shores of the Ionian Islands. This political snapshot is undeniably one intended to be of Late Bronze Age Greece. The main historical problem with the catalogue is the extent to which it is.
[edit] The Catalogue
The Greek Catalogue lists twenty-nine contingents under 46 captains, accounting for a total of 1196 ships.[9] Using the Boeotian figure of 120 men per ship results in a total of 142,320 men transported to the Troad. They are named by various ethnonyms and had lived in 164 places described by toponyms. The majority of these places have been identified and were occupied in the Late Bronze Age. The terms Danaans, Argives and Achaeans or the sons of the Achaeans are used for the army as a whole.
Tabular Catalog[11]
| Line | Ethnic Identity | No. of Ships | Captains[10] | Settlements |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| II.494 | Boeotians | 50 of 120 men each | (First led by Thersander, then by:) Peneleōs, Leïtus, Arcesilaus, Prothoënor and Clonius | Hyria, Aulis, Schoenus, Scolus, Eteonus, Thespeia, Graia, Mycalessus, Harma, Eilesium, Erythrae, Eleon, Hyle, Peteon, Ocalea, Medeon, Copae, Eutrēsis, Thisbe, Coronea, Haliartus, Plataea, Glisas, Thebes, Onchestus, Arne, Midea, Nisa, Anthedon |
| II.511 | Minyans | 30 | Ascalaphus, Ialmenus | Aspledon, Orchomenus |
| II.517 | Phocēans | 40 | Schedius, Epistrophus | Cyparissus, Pytho, Crisa, Daulis, Panopeus, Anemorea, Hyampolis, river Cephissus, Lilaea |
| II.527 | Locrians | 40 | Ajax the Lesser | Cynus, Opoüs, Calliatus, Bessa, Scarphe, Augeae, Tarphe, Thronium |
| II.537 | Abantes of Euboea | 50 | Elephenor | Chalcis, Eretria, Histiaea, Cerinthus, Dium, Carystus, Styra |
| II.546 | Athenians | 50 | Led first by Menestheus (then by later by Acamas and Demophon, the sons of Theseus) | Athens |
| II.557 | men of Salamis | 12 | Telamonian Ajax | Salamis |
| II.559 | Argives/Achaeans | 80 | Diomedes with subordinates Sthenelus and Euryalus | Argos, Tiryns, Hermione, Asine, Troezene, Eїonae, Epidaurus, Aegina, Mases |
| II.569 | No name given. | 100 | Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, supreme commander | Mycenae, Corinth, Cleonae, Orneae, Araethyrea, Sicyon, Hyperesia, Gonoëssa, Pellene, Aegium, Helice |
| II.581 | Lacedaemonians | 60 | Menelaus, brother of Agamemnon, husband of Helen | Pharis, Sparta, Messe, Bryseae, Augeae, Amyclae, Helos, Laas, Oetylus |
| II.592 | No name given. | 90 | Nestor | Pylos, Arēne, Thryum, Aipy, Cyparisseis, Amphigenea, Pteleum, Helos, Dorium |
| II.603 | Arcadians | 60 | Agapenor | Cyllene, Pheneus, Orchomenus, Rhipae, Stratie, Enispe, Tegea, Mantinea, Stymphelus, Parrhasia |
| II.615 | Epeans of Elis | 40 | Amphimachus, Thalpius, Diōres, Polyxenus | Buprasium and the lands enclosed by Hyrmine, Myrsinus, Olene, Alesium |
| II.624 | Men of Dulichium | 40 | Meges | Dulichium, Echinean Islands |
| II.631 | Cephallenians | 12 | Ulysses, same as Odysseus | Ithaca, Neritum, Crocylea, Aegilips, Samos, Zacynthus (islands with mainland opposite) |
| II.638 | Aetolians | 40 | Thoas | Pleuron, Olenus, Pylene, Chalcis, Calydon |
| II.645 | Cretans | 80 | Idomeneus, Meriones | Cnossus, Gortys, Lyctus, Miletus, Lycastus, Phaestus, Rhytium, others up to 100 |
| II.653 | Rhodians | 9 | Tlepolemus | Lindus, Ielysus, Cameirus |
| II.671 | Symians | 3 | Nireus | Syme |
| II.676 | No name given. | 30 | Pheidippus, Antiphus | Nisyrus, Crapathus, Casus, Cos, Calydnian Islands |
| II.681 | Pelasgians, Myrmidons, Hellenes, Achaeans | 50 | Achilles (later by Neoptolemus) | Pelasgic Argos, Alos, Alope, Trachis, Phthia, Hellas |
| II.695 | No name given. | 40 | Protesilaus, later by Podarces | Phylace, Pyrasus, Iton, Antrium, Pteleum |
| II.711 | No name given. | 11 | Eumelus | Pherae, Boebe, Glaphyrae, Iolcus |
| II.716 | No name given. | 7, with 50 oarsmen each who were also archers | Philoctetes, later by Medon | Methone, Thaumacia, Meliboea, Olizon |
| II.729 | No name given. | 30 | Podalirius, Machaon, two sons of Asclepius | Tricca, Ithome, Oechalia |
| II.734 | No name given. | 40 | Eurypylus | Ormenius, Hypereia (fountain), Asterius, Titanus |
| II.738 | (Lapiths, "race of Mars") | 40 | Polypoetes, Leonteus | Argissa, Gyrtone, Orthe, Elone, Oloösson |
| II.748 | Enienes, Peraebi | 22 | Guneus | Cyphus, Dodona, banks of the Titaresius |
| II.756 | Magnetes | 40 | Prothoüs | About the Peneus and Mt. Pelion |
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ The Catalogue of Ships is the original that supplied us our category term, "catalogue".
- ^ For Herodotus the questions are already open.
- ^ J.K. Anderson, 1995. "The Geometric Catalogue of Ships," pp. 181-191 in Carter and Morris, editors, The Ages of Homer, (Austin: University of Texas Press).
- ^ Succinctly expressed by C.M. Bowra in a review of F. Jacoby, Die Einschaltung des Schiffkatalogs in die Ilias in The Classical Review 47.5 (November 1933), p. 174.
- ^ John Crossett, "The Art of Homer's Catalogue of Ships" The Classical Journal 64.6 (March 1969), pp. 241-245, discusses the dramatic function of the Catalogue in the place that it occupies.
- ^ Page, pp. 132, 134.
- ^ Visser, Edzard, 1997. Homers Katalog der Schiffe (Teubner).
- ^ Minton, pp. 292-309.
- ^ Anyone can count, but this count is taken from J.V. Luce, Homer and the Homeric Age, Harper & Row, 1975, ISBN 0-06-012722-8
- ^ The dramatic time of the catalogue is early in the war; the place, the shores of the Troad. Captains of those contingents outside the time and place of the catalogue are parenthesized; they are not in the catalogue.
- ^ The Anglicised spellings and diacritical marks of the names in the table are as they are in Britannica, Great Books of the Western World, Volume 4. The order of contingents is that of the catalogue.
[edit] References
- J.K. Anderson, 1995. "The Geometric Catalogue of Ships," pp. 181-191 in Carter and Morris, eds., The Ages of Homer, (Austin: University of Texas Press).
- Austin, J. N. H. 1965. Catalogues and the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad, (Berkeley: University of California Press).
- Page, D.L., 1959. History and the Homeric Iliad (Berkeley: University of California Press).
- Visser, Edzard, 1997. Homers Katalog der Schiffe (Teubner).
