Carborane

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Ball-and-stick model of o-carborane
Ball-and-stick model of o-carborane
Ball-and-stick model of carborane acid.Colour scheme:hydrogen − white,chlorine − green,boron − pink,carbon − black.
Ball-and-stick model of carborane acid.

Colour scheme:
hydrogen − white,
chlorine − green,
boron − pink,
carbon − black.

A carborane is a cluster composed of boron and carbon atoms. Like many of the related boranes, these clusters are polyhedra and are similarly classified as closo-, nido-, arachno-, hypho-, etc. based on whether they represent a complete (closo-) polyhedron, or a polyhedron that is missing one (nido-), two (arachno-), or more vertices.

Interesting examples of carboranes are the extremely stable icosahedral closo-carboranes.[1]

A prominent example is the charge-neutral C2B10H12 or o-carborane with the prefix o derived from ortho, which has been explored for use in a wide range of applications from heat-resistant polymers to medical applications. This compound is called super aromatic because it obeys Huckel's rule and exhibits high thermal stability. At 420 °C o-carborane converts to the meta isomer. In comparison, benzene requires a >1000 °C to induce skeletal rearrangement. Like arenes, carboranes also undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution.

o-carborane, hydrogen atoms connected to boron omitted for clarity

Another important carborane is the negatively charged CB11H12—, which has been used to make solid superacids.

The carborane superacid H(CHB11Cl11[2] is one million times stronger than sulfuric acid. The reason for this high acidity is that the acid anion CHB11Cl11- is very stable and substituted with electronegative substituents. H(CHB11Cl11 is the only acid known to protonate C60 fullerene without decomposing it. [3] [4].

Contents

[edit] Dicarbadodecaborane

The most heavily studied carborane is C2B10H12, m. p. 320 C. It is often prepared from the reaction of acetylene with decaborane. A variation on this method entails the use of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give C2B10H10(CO2C H3)2, which can be degraded to the C2B10H12.[5]

[edit] History

The 1,2-closo-dicarbadodecaboranes (usually simply called carboranes), were reported simultaneously by groups at Olin Corporation and the Reaction Motors Division of Thiokol Chemical Corporation working under the U.S. Air Force and published in 1963.[6] [7][8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Simultaneously a group from the USSR published similar work. Heretofore, decaborane derivatives were thought to be thermally unstable and reactive with air and water. These groups demonstrated the unprecedented stability of the 1,2-closo-dodecaborane group, presented a general synthesis, and described the transformation of substituents without destroying the carborane cluster. and demonstrated the ortho to meta isomerization.

[edit] Dicarbollide

Numerous studies have been made on derivatives of the so-called dicarbollide anion, [B9C2H11]2-. This anion forms sandwich compounds with many metal ions and some exist in otherwise unusual oxidation states. The dianion is a nido cluster prepared by degradation of the parent dicarborane:[15]

B10C2H12 + 3 CH3OH + KOH → KB9C2H12 + B(OCH3)3 + H2O + H2

[edit] Carborynes

Carboryne, or 1,2-dehydro-o-carborane, is an unstable derivative of ortho-carborane with the formula B10C2H10. The hydrogen atoms on the C2 unit in the parent o-carborane are missing. The compound resembles and is isolobal with benzyne [16]. A carboryne compound was first generated in 1990 starting from o-carborane. The hydrogen atoms connected to carbon are removed by n-butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran and the resulting lithium dianion is reacted with bromine at 0°C to form the bromo monoanion.

Carboryne synthesis, main chemical bonds involving carbon in red

Heating the reaction mixture to 35 °C releases carboryne, which can subsequently be trapped with suitable dienes:

carboryne reactions

such as anthracene (to afford a trypticene-like molecule) and furan in 10 to 25% chemical yield.

Carborynes react with alkynes to benzocarboranes [17] in an adaptation of the above described procedure. O-carborane is deprotonated with n-butyllithium as before and then reacted with dichloro-di(triphenylphosphino) nickel to a nickel coordinated carboryne. This compound reacts with 3-hexyne in an alkyne trimerization to the benzocarborane.

benzocarborane synthesis

Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of this compound shows considerable bond length alternation in the benzene ring (164.8 pm (!) to 133.8 pm) ruling out aromaticity.

[edit] External links

Look up carbonare in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Overlap control and stability of polyhedral molecules. closo-Carboranes Eluvathingal D. Jemmis J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982;104; pp 7017-7020DOI:10.1021/ja00389a021
  2. ^ Note that the acidic proton is not the one bonded to the carborane but that it is the counterion not displayed
  3. ^ The Strongest Isolable Acid Mark Juhasz, Stephan Hoffmann, Evgenii Stoyanov, Kee-Chan Kim, Christopher A. Reed, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43 5352 - 5355 2004 Abstract
  4. ^ Carborane acids. New ‘‘strong yet gentle’’ acids for organic and inorganic chemistry Christopher A. Reed Chem. Commun., 2005, 1669–1677 | 1669 Abstract Full article @ Reed website
  5. ^ Kutal, C. R.; Owen, D. A.; Todd, L. J. "closo-1,2-dicarbadodecaborane(12)" Inorganic Syntheses, 1968, volume 11, 19-23.
  6. ^ T. L. Heying, J. W. Ager, S. L. Clark, D. J. Mangold, H. L. Goldstein, M. Hillman, R. J. Polak, and J. W. Szymanski"A New Series of Organoboranes. I. Carboranes from the Reaction of Decaborane with Acetylenic Compounds" Inorganic Chemistry, 1963, volume 2, pp 1089 - 1092. DOI:10.1021/ic50010a002
  7. ^ H. Schroeder, T. L. Heying, J. R. Reiner "A New Series of Organoboranes. II. The Chlorination of 1,2-Dicarbaclovododecaborane(12)" Inorganic Chemistry, 1963, volume 2, pp 1092 - 1096; DOI:10.1021/ic50010a003.
  8. ^ T. L. Heying, J. W. Ager, S. L. Clark, R. P. Alexander, S. Papetti, J. A. Reid, S. I. Trotz "A New Series of Organoboranes. III. Some Reactions of 1,2-Dicarbaclovododecaborane(12) and its Derivatives" Inorganic Chemistry, 1963, volume 2, pp 1097 - 1105; DOI:10.1021/ic50010a004
  9. ^ S. Papetti, T. L. Heying "A New Series of Organoboranes. IV. The Participation of the 1,2-Dicarbaclovododecaborane(12) Nucleus in Some Novel Heteratomic Ring Systems" Inorganic Chemistry, 1963, volume 2, pp 1105 - 1107; DOI:10.1021/ic50010a005 10.1021/ic50010a005
  10. ^ . M. M. Fein, J. Bobinski, N. Mayes, N. Schwartz, M. S. Cohen "Carboranes. I. The Preparation and Chemistry of 1-Isopropenylcarborane and its Derivatives (a New Family of Stable Clovoboranes)" Inorganic Chemistry, 1963, volume 2, pp 1111 - 1115; DOI:10.1021/ic50010a007.
  11. ^ M. M. Fein, D. Grafstein, J. E. Paustian, J. Bobinski, B. M. Lichstein, N. Mayes, N. N. Schwartz, M. S. Cohen "Carboranes. II. The Preparation of 1- and 1,2-Substituted Carboranes" Inorganic Chemistry, 1963, volume 2, pp 1115 - 1119; DOI:10.1021/ic50010a008.
  12. ^ D. Grafstein, J. Bobinski, J. Dvorak, H. Smith, N. Schwartz, M. S. Cohen, M. M. Fein "Carboranes. III. Reactions of the Carboranes" Inorganic Chemistry, 1963, volume 2, pp 1120 - 1125; DOI|10.1021/ic50010a009.
  13. ^ D. Grafstein, J. Bobinski, J. Dvorak, J. E. Paustian, H. F. Smith, S. Karlan, C. Vogel, M. M. Fein "Carboranes. IV. Chemistry of Bis-(1-carboranylalkyl) Ethers" Inorganic Chemistry, 1963, volume 2, pp 1125 - 1128; Template:DOI: 10.1021/ic50010a010.
  14. ^ D. Grafstein, J. Dvorak "Neocarboranes, a New Family of Stable Organoboranes Isomeric with the Carboranes" Inorganic Chemistry, 1963, volume 2, pp 1128 - 1133; DOI:10.1021/ic50010a011.
  15. ^ Plešek, J.; Heřmánek, S.; Štíbr, B. Inorganic Syntheses, 1983, volume 22, pages 231-124.
  16. ^ 1,2-Dehydro-o-carborane Henry L. Gingrich, Tirthankar Ghosh, Qiurong Huang, and Maitland Jones J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1990; 112(10) pp 4082 - 4083; DOI:10.1021/ja00166a080 Structure and Bonding in B10X2H10 (X = C and Si). The Kinky Surface of 1,2-Dehydro-o-Disilaborane E. D. Jemmis and B. Kiran J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997 19; pp 4076-4077 DOI:10.1021/ja964385q. Control of Stability through Overlap Matching: closo-Carboranes and closo-Silaboranes B. Kiran, A. Anoop, E. D. Jemmis, J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2002; 124 pp 4402-4407;DOI:10.1021/ja016843n
  17. ^ Nickel-Mediated Regioselective [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Carboryne with AlkynesLiang Deng, Hoi-Shan Chan, and Zuowei Xie J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2006; 128(24) pp 7728 - 7729; DOI:10.1021/ja061605j. Theoretical Study of the Insertion Reactions of Benzyne- and Carboryne- Ni Complexes Eluvathingal D Jemmis and Anakuthil Anoop MHPCC Application Briefs 2004, pp 51.
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