Capital Account Convertibility
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Capital Account Convertability or CAC is a fiscal policy that centers around the ability to conduct transactions of local financial assets into foreign financial assets freely and at pre-set, fixed market rates. It is sometimes referred to as Capital Asset Liberation.
In layman's terms, it basically is policy that allows the easy exchange of local currency (cash) for foreign currency at low rates. This is so local merchants can easily conduct transnational business without needing foreign currency exhanges to handle small transactions. CAC is mostly a guideline to changes of ownership in foreign or domestic financial assets and liabilities. Tangentially, it covers and extends the framework of the creation and liquidation of claims on, or by the rest of the world, on local asset and currency markets.[1]
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[edit] History
CAC was first coined as a theory by the Reserve Bank of India in 1997 by the Tarapore Committee, in an effort to find fiscal and economic policies that would enable developing Third World countries transition to globalized market economies.[2] However, it had been practiced, albeit without formal thought or organization of policy or restriction, since the very early 90's. Article VIII of the IMF’s Articles of Agreement is agreed by most economists to have been the basis for CAC, although it notably failed to anticipate problems with the concept in regards to outflows of currency.
However, before the formalization of CAC, there were problems with the theory. Free flow of assets was required to work in both directions. Although CAC freely enabled investment in the country, it also enabled quick liquidation and removal of capital assets from the country, both domestic and foreign. It also exposed domestic creditors to overseas credit risks, fluctuations in fiscal policy, and manipulation.[3]
As a result, there were severe disruptions that helped to contribute to the East Asian crisis of the mid 90's. In Malaysia, for example, there were heavy losses in overseas investments of at least one bank, in the magnitude of hundreds of millions of dollars. These were not realized and identified until a reform system strengthened regulatory and accounting controls.[4] This led to the Tarapore Committee meeting which formalized CAC as utilizing a mixture of free asset allocation and stringent controls.[3]
[edit] Tenets
CAC has 5 basic statements designed as points of action:[5]
- All types of liquid capital assets must be able to be exchanged freely, between any two nations, with standardized exchange rates.
- The amounts must be a significant amount (in excess of $500,000).
- Capital inflows should be invested in semi-liquid assets, to prevent churning and excessive outflow.
- Institutional investors should not use CAC to manipulate fiscal policy or exchange rates.
- Excessive inflows and outflows should be buffered by national banks to provide collateral.
[edit] Application
In most traditional theories of international trade, the reasoning for capital account convertability was so that foreign investors could invest without barriers. Prior to its implementation, foreign investment was hindered by uneven exchange rates due to corrupt officials, local businessmen had no convienent way to handle large cash transactions, and national banks were disassociated from fiscal exhange policy and incurred high costs in supplying hard-currency loans for those few local companies that wished to do business abroad.
Due to the low exchange rates and lower costs associated with Third World nations, this was expected to spur domestic capital, which would lead to welfare gains, and in turn lead to higher GDP growth. The tradeoff for such growth was seen as a lack of sustainable internal GNP growth and a decrease in domestic capital investments.[6]
When CAC is used with the proper restraints, this is exactly what happens. The entire outsourcing movement with jobs and factories going oversees is a direct result of the foreign investment aspect of CAC. The Tarapore Committee's recommendation of tying liquid assets to static assets (i.e., investing in long term government bonds, etc) was seen by many economists as directly responsible for stabilizing the idea of capital account liberalization.
[edit] Controversy
Despite changes in wording over the years, and additional safeguards, there is still criticism of CAC by some economists. American economists, in particular, find the restriction on inflows to Third World countries being invested in improvements as negative, since they would rather see such transactions put to direct use in growing capital.[3][1]
[edit] References
- ^ a b Benu Schneider. Issues in Capital Account Convertibility in Developing Countries. Speech delivered to Overseas Development Institute, 2000.
- ^ Vijay Joshi, Ian Malcolm, David Little. India's Economic Reforms, 1991-2001. Published 1996 Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198290780
- ^ a b c Zoubida Allaoua. India: sustaining rapid economic growth. Published 1997 World Bank Publications.ISBN 0821339923
- ^ Prema-Chandra Athukorala. Crisis and Recovery in Malaysia: The Role of Capital Controls. Published 2003 Edward Elgar Publishing. Pg 44 ISBN 1843764555
- ^ L. Bethell. The West and the Third World: Trade, Colonialism, Dependence and Development. Published 1999 Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631194398
- ^ Vijay Joshi. India: macroeconomics and political economy, 1964-1991. World Bank Publications ISBN 082132652
