Cape Hatteras Light

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**Cape Hatteras Light**
Cape Hatteras Lighthouse
Location:	North of Cape Hatteras Point, Outer Banks, Hatteras Island, North Carolina
Coordinates WGS-84 (GPS)	35°15′02″N, 75°31′43.7″W
Foundation:	Granite, timber and rubble
Construction:	Brick
Year first lit:	1870 (current tower)
Year first constructed:	1803
Automated:	1936
Tower shape:	Conical
Markings/Pattern:	white and black spiral bands with red brick base.
Height:	210 ft (64 m)
Original lens:	First order Fresnel, 1870
Range:	20 nm (37 km)
Characteristic:	Short flash every 7.5 seconds

Cape Hatteras Light is a lighthouse located on Hatteras Island in the Outer Banks of North Carolina near the town of Buxton. The Outer Banks are a group of islands on the North Carolina coast that separate the Atlantic Ocean from the coastal sounds and inlets. Atlantic currents in this area made for excellent travel for ships, except in the area of Diamond Shoals, just offshore at Cape Hatteras. The large number of ships that ran aground because of these shifting sandbars gave this area the nickname “Graveyard of the Atlantic.” It also led Congress to authorize the construction of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse which is recognized by the National Park Service as the tallest lighthouse in America.

1 General information
2 Relocation
3 Timeline
4 History
5 Specifications
6 References
7 External links

[edit] General information

The light at the top is automated and is visible every 7 seconds. In good visibility conditions, the beacon can often be seen for 20 miles out at sea, although its official range is 24 miles under optimum conditions. Over 1 million bricks were used in the construction of the structure, which was built between 1868 to 1870 at a cost (then) of $167,500.

The Cape Hatteras lighthouse is still considered operational as a navigation aid maintained by the United States Coast Guard and the National Park Service. However, the need for the lighthouse has been reduced by modern day GPS and other electronic navigational devices.

The lighthouse beacon was also augmented by the 175 foot tall Diamond Shoals light tower, which is 12 miles off of the Hatteras coast. The light tower was put in place in 1967 and lightships were present before then dating back to 1824, including one lightship sunk by a German submarine in World War I. The light tower has recently been decommissioned by the United States Coast Guard, as maintenance on the structure proved too expensive in light of increasing reliance on GPS.

[edit] Relocation

The lighthouse is one of several on the North Carolina Outer Banks that are still operational including the Currituck, Bodie Island, Ocracoke, Cape Lookout, and Oak Island lighthouses.

Due to the erosion of the shore, the Cape Hatteras lighthouse was moved from its original location at the edge of the ocean to safer ground 2870 feet inland. The move was controversial at the time with speculation that the structure would not survive the move, resulting in lawsuits that were later dismissed. Despite some opposition, work progressed and the move was completed between 1999 and 2000 in a massive operation.

Rededicated in 2000, the lighthouse is fully open to the public at its new location further inland and visitors can even climb the lighthouse stairs for a small fee during spring and summer months.

[edit] Timeline

Cape Hatteras Lighthouse in 1803:[[1]]

1794: Congress authorized the construction of a lighthouse at Cape Hatteras.
1803: The first lighthouse on Cape Hatteras, a 90-foot tower built of sandstone, was built. Its small lamp did not shine far enough out to sea and when windows broke in storms the light was washed out.
1854: The tower was raised to over 150 feet and a first order Fresnel lens was installed.
1861: The lighthouse was damaged during the Battle of Fort Hatteras and Confederate troops took the lens with them. In the aftermath, the Lighthouse Board determined that it would be less expensive to build a new tower than to fix the old one.
1870: Construction on the new tower was completed and a new Fresnel lens was first lit on December 16 of that year.
1873: A black and white spiral design, or daymark, was added to make it easily identifiable during daylight.
1913: The lamp was changed to an incandescent oil vapor lamp.
1934: Electricity was first used to power the lamp.
1935: Erosion brought the sea to the very base of the lighthouse endangering it. A steel tower was built to take over its duties.
1950: A combination of human efforts and a natural change in erosion made the brick tower usable once more. It returned to use on January 23 of that year with new lighting equipment.
1972: The current light, a rotating beacon, was installed.
1999: The lighthouse was moved 2870 feet from its original location, placing it 3000 feet from the Atlantic Ocean.

[edit] History

On July 10, 1797, Congress appropriated $44,000 "for erecting a lighthouse on the head land of Cape Hatteras and a lighted beacon on Shell Castle Island, in the harbor of Ocracoke in the State of North Carolina." The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse cost $14,302 to build and the Shell Castle Island Lighthouse was built from part of the surplus. Both were completed in 1803.
The Cape Hatteras light marked very dangerous shoals which extend from the cape for a distance of 10 nautical miles. The original tower was built of dark sandstone and retained its natural color. The original light consisted of 18 lamps; with 14-inch reflectors, and was 112 feet above sea level. It was visible in clear weather for a distance of 18 miles.
In July 1851, Lt. David D. Porter, USN, reported as follows:

"Hatteras light, the most important on our coast is, without doubt, the worst light in the world. Cape Hatteras is the point made by all vessels going to the south, and also coming from that direction; the current of the Gulf Stream runs so close to the outer point of the shoals that vessels double as close round the breakers as possible, to avoid its influence. The only guide they have is the light, to tell them when up with the shoals; but I have always had so little confidence in it, that I have been guided by the lead, without the use of which, in fact, no vessel should pass Hatteras. The first nine trips I made I never saw Hatteras light at all, though frequently passing in sight of the breakers, and when I did see it, I could not tell it from a steamer’s light, excepting that the steamer’s lights are much brighter. It has improved much latterly, but is still a wretched light. It is all important that Hatteras should be provided with a revolving light of great intensity, and that the light be raised 15 feet higher than at present. Twenty-four steamship’s lights, of great brilliancy, pass this point in one month, nearly at the rate of one every night (they all pass at night) and it can be seen how easily a vessel may be deceived by taking a steamer’s light for a light on shore."

The improvement in the light referred to had begun in 1845 when the reflectors were changed from 14 to 15 inch. In 1848 the 18 lamps were changed to 15 lamps with 21-inch reflectors and the light had become visible in clear weather at a distance of 20 miles. In 1854 a first-order Fresnel lens with flashing white light was substituted for the old reflecting apparatus, and the tower was raised to 150 feet.
In 1860 the Lighthouse Board reported that Cape Hatteras Lighthouse required protection, due to the outbreak of the Civil War. In 1862 the Board reported "Cape Hatteras, lens and lantern destroyed, light reexhibited."
Between 1867 and 1870 Congress appropriated $167,000 in three annual sums, for rebuilding Cape Hatteras Lighthouse. The new tower, from which the first-order light was first exhibited December 16, 1871, was the highest brick lighthouse tower in the world. It was 193 feet above ground and the focal height of the light 191 feet above water. The old tower "being no longer of any use and in danger of falling during some heavy storm" was blown up and totally destroyed in February 1872.
In the spring of 1879 the tower was struck by lightning. Cracks subsequently appeared in the masonry walls, which was remedied by placing a metal rod to connect the iron work of the tower with an iron disk sunk in the ground. In 1912 the candlepower of the light was increased from 27,000 to 80,000.
Ever since the completion of the new tower in 1870, there had begun a very gradual encroachment of the sea upon the beach. This did not become serious, however, until 1919, when the high water line had advanced to about 300 feet from the base of the tower. Since that time the surf had gnawed steadily toward the base of the tower until in 1935, the site was finally reached by the surf. Several attempts were made to arrest this erosion, but dikes and breakwaters had been of no avail. In 1935, therefore, the tower light was replaced by a light on a skeleton steel tower placed farther back from the sea on a sand dune, 166 feet above the sea, and visible for 19 miles. The old tower was then abandoned to the custody of the National Park Service.
The Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration erected a series of wooden revetments which checked the wash that was carrying away the beach. In 1942 the Coast Guard reassumed its control over the tower and manned it as a lookout station until 1945. The old tower was now 500 to 900 feet inland from the sea and again tenable as a site for the light which was placed in commission January 23, 1950.
The new light consists of a 36-inch aviation-type rotating beacon of 250,000 candlepower, visible 20 miles, and flashing white every 15 seconds. The skeleton steel tower has been retained to guard against the time that the brick tower may again be endangered by erosion and thus require that the light again be moved.
The National Park Service acquired ownership of the lighthouse when it was abandoned in 1935. In 1950, when the structure was again found safe for use, new lighting equipment was installed. Now the Coast Guard owns and operates the navigational equipment, while the National Park Service maintains the tower as a historic structure. The Hatteras Island Visitor Center, formerly the Double Keepers Quarters located next to the lighthouse, elaborates on the Cape Hatteras story and man's lifestyle on the Outer Banks. Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, tallest in the United States, stands 208 feet from the bottom of the foundation to the peak of the roof. To reach the light which shines 191 feet above mean high water mark, a Coast Guardsman must climb 268 steps. There were approximately 1,250,000 bricks used in its construction.^[1]

[edit] Specifications

Construction material: Approximately 1,250,000 bricks
Height above sea level: 210 feet
Height of the structure: about 207 1/2 feet (from the bottom of the foundation footer to the top of the spire on the roof)
Daymark: black and white spiral stripes
Number of steps: 268 steps to reach the light
Brightness: 800 kilocandela from each of two 1000-watt lamps
Flash pattern: Every 7.5 seconds a short flash is visible
Visibility: From 20 nautical miles (37 km) in clear conditions. In exceptional conditions, it has been seen from 51 miles out.