Canada Warbler

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Canada Warbler
Conservation status
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: Wilsonia Species: W. canadensis
Binomial name
Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus, 1766)

The Canada Warbler, Wilsonia canadensis, is a small 13 cm long songbird of the New World warbler family.

These birds have yellow underparts, blue-grey upperparts and pink legs; they have a yellow eye-ring and a thin pointed bill. Adult males have a black forehead and a black necklace. Females and immatures have a faint grey necklace.

Their breeding habitat is mature hardwood forests, usually near water, across Canada east of the Rockies and the eastern United States. The nest is an open cup placed on the ground in a damp wooded location.

These birds migrate to northern South America. Canada Warbler has occurred as a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

They forage actively in vegetation or on the ground, often catching insects in flight. These birds mainly eat insects. They forage in flocks in their winter habitat.

The song of this bird is loud and variable, resembling chip chewy sweet dichetty. The call is a low chup.

This bird's numbers have declined due to loss of suitable habitat.

Contents 1 Vagrancy to Europe 2 References 3 External links 4 Further reading 4.1 Book 4.2 Report 4.3 Thesis 4.4 Articles

[edit] Vagrancy to Europe

Canada Warbler has occurred twice as a vagrant in Europe.

The first record was in Iceland.

The second, a first-winter female, was found as Kilbaha, County Clare, Ireland in October 2006.

[edit] References

• BirdLife International (2004). Wilsonia canadensis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

[edit] External links

• Canada Warbler videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Canada Warbler Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Canada Warbler - Wilsonia canadensis - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Canada Warbler Information - South Dakota Birds and Birding

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

• Conway, C. J. 1999. Canada Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis). In The Birds of North America, No. 421 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

[edit] Report

• Cooper JM, Enns KA & Shepard MG. (1997). Status of the Canada warbler in British Columbia. Canadian Research Index. p. n/a.

[edit] Thesis

• Kingsley AL. M.Sc. (1998). Response of birds and vegetation to the first cut of the uniform shelterwood silvicultural system in the white pine forests of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Trent University (Canada), Canada.

• Ramos Olmos MA. Ph.D. (1983). SEASONAL MOVEMENTS OF BIRD POPULATIONS AT A NEOTROPICAL STUDY SITE IN SOUTHERN VERACRUZ, MEXICO. University of Minnesota, United States -- Minnesota.

[edit] Articles

• Barrowclough GF & Corbin KW. (1978). Genetic Variation and Differentiation in the Parulidae. Auk. vol 95, no 4. p. 691-702.

• Caroline G, Marcel D, Jean-Pierre LS & Jean H. (2004). Are temperate mixedwood forests perceived by birds as a distinct forest type?. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 34, no 9. p. 1895.

• Christian DP, Hanowski JM, Reuvers-House M, Niemi GJ, Blake JG & Berguson WE. (1996). Effects of mechanical strip thinning of aspen on small mammals and breeding birds in northern Minnesota, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 26, no 7. p. 1284-1294.

• Collins SL, James FC & Risser PG. (1982). Habitat Relationships of Wood Warblers Parulidae in Northern Central Minnesota USA. Oikos. vol 39, no 1. p. 50-58.

• Crawford HS & Jennings DT. (1989). Predation by Birds on Spruce Budworm Choristoneura-Fumiferana Functional Numerical and Total Responses. Ecology. vol 70, no 1. p. 152-163.

• Dunn EH & Nol E. (1980). Age Related Migratory Behavior of Warblers. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 51, no 3. p. 254-269.

• Etterson MA. (2003). An observation of singing by a female-plumaged Canada Warbler. Southeastern Naturalist. vol 2, no 3. p. 419-422.

• Golet FC, Wang Y, Merrow JS & DeRagon WR. (2001). Relationship between habitat and landscape features and the avian community of red maple swamps in southern Rhode Island. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 2. p. 217-227.

• Greenberg RS & Gradwohl JA. (1980). Observations of Paired Canada Warblers Wilsonia-Canadensis During Migration in Panama. Ibis. vol 122, no 4. p. 509-512.

• Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). The effects of stand age on avian communities in aspen-dominated forests of central Saskatchewan, Canada. Forest Ecology & Management. vol 136, no 1-3. p. 121-134.

• Hobson KA & Schieck J. (1999). Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: Harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years. Ecological Applications. vol 9, no 3. p. 849-863.

• Jones SE. (1977). Coexistence in Mixed Species Antwren Flocks. Oikos. vol 29, no 2. p. 366-375.

• Lacki MJ. (2000). Surveys of bird communities on Little Black and Black mountains: Implications for long-term conservation of Montane birds in Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. vol 61, no 1. p. 50-59.

• Lebbin DJ. (2004). Unusual June record of Canada Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis) in Bolivar, Venezuela. Ornitologia Neotropical. vol 15, no 1. p. 143-144.

• Merrill SB, Cuthbert FJ & Oehlert G. (1998). Residual patches and their contribution to forest-bird diversity on northern Minnesota aspen clearcuts. Conservation Biology. vol 12, no 1. p. 190-199.

• Mitchell JM. (1999). Habitat relationships of five northern bird species breeding in hemlock ravines in Ohio, USA. Natural Areas Journal. vol 19, no 1. p. 3-11.

• Morris SR, Richmond ME & Holmes DW. (1994). Patterns of stopover by warblers during spring and fall migration on Appledore Island, Maine. Wilson Bulletin. vol 106, no 4. p. 703-718.

• Morse DH. (1977). The Occupation of Small Islands by Passerine Birds. Condor. vol 79, no 4. p. 399-412.

• Patten MA & Burger JC. (1998). Spruce budworm outbreaks and the incidence of vagrancy in eastern North American wood-warblers. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 76, no 3. p. 433-439.

• Prins TG & Debrot AO. (1996). First record of the Canada Warbler for Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. Caribbean Journal of Science. vol 32, no 2. p. 248-249.

• Rappole JH. (1983). ANALYSIS OF PLUMAGE VARIATION IN THE CANADA WARBLER. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 54, no 2. p. 152-159.

• Robinson SK, Fitzpatrick JW & Terborgh J. (1995). Distribution and habitat use of neotropical migrant landbirds in the Amazon basin and Andes. Bird Conservation International. vol 5, no 2-3. p. 305-323.

• Sabo SR. (1980). Niche and Habitat Relations in Subalpine Bird Communities of the White Mountains of New-Hampshire USA. Ecological Monographs. vol 50, no 2. p. 241-260.

• Sabo SR & Whittaker RH. (1979). Bird Niches in a Subalpine Forest an Indirect Ordination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. vol 76, no 3. p. 1338-1342.

• Skinner C. (2003). A breeding bird survey of the natural areas at Holden Arboretum. Ohio Journal of Science. vol 103, no 4. p. 98-110.

• Sodhi NS & Paszkowski CA. (1995). Habitat use and foraging behavior of four parulid warblers in a second-growth forest. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 66, no 2. p. 277-288.

• Weakland CA, Wood PB & Ford WM. (2002). Responses of songbirds to diameter-limit cutting in the central Appalachians of West Virginia, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. vol 155, no 1-3. p. 115-129.