CAN-SPAM Act of 2003
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The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 (15 U.S.C. 7701, et seq., Public Law No. 108-187, was S.877 of the 108th Congress), signed into law by President Bush on December 16, 2003, establishes the United States' first national standards for the sending of commercial e-mail and requires the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to enforce its provisions. The acronym CAN-SPAM derives from the bill's full name: Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And Marketing Act of 2003. This is also a play on the usual term for unsolicited email of this type, spam.
The law requires the FTC to report back to congress within 24 months of the effectiveness of the act. It also requires the FTC to promulgate rules to shield consumers from unwanted mobile service commercial messages.
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[edit] The mechanics of CAN-SPAM
CAN-SPAM defines spam as "any electronic mail message the primary purpose of which is the commercial advertisement or promotion of a commercial product or service (including content on an Internet website operated for a commercial purpose)." It exempts "transactional or relationship messages." The FTC has yet to clarify what "primary purpose" means; it has already delayed rule-making for this terminology. Previous state laws had used bulk (a number threshold), content (commercial), or unsolicited to define spam.
The bill permits e-mail marketers to send unsolicited commercial e-mail as long as it contains all of:
- an opt-out mechanism;
- a valid subject line and header (routing) information;
- the legitimate physical address of the mailer; and
- a label if the content is adult.
The content is exempt if it consists of:
- religious messages;
- content that broadly complies with the marketing mechanisms specified in the law; or
- national security messages.
If a user opts out, a sender has ten days to cease sending spam but they are not required to remove the address. The legislation also prohibits the sale or other transfer of an e-mail address after an opt-out request. However, the only requirement for this opt-out mechanism is that it "must be able to process opt-out requests for at least 30 days". Some companies have taken this to denigrate opting-out to a 20 day break between spam messages.
Use of automated means to register for multiple e-mail accounts from which to send spam compound other violations. It prohibits sending sexually oriented spam without the label later determined by the FTC of "SEXUALLY EXPLICIT". This label replaced the similar state labeling requirements of "ADV:ADLT" or "ADLT". Labeling regulations for general spam will be commented on by the FTC this summer.
CAN-SPAM makes it a misdemeanor to send spam with falsified header information. A host of other common spamming practices can make a CAN-SPAM violation an "aggravated offense," including harvesting, dictionary attacks, Internet protocol spoofing, hijacking computers through Trojan horses or worms, or using open mail relays for the purpose of sending spam.
[edit] What CAN-SPAM preempts
CAN-SPAM preempts (supersedes) existing state anti-spam laws that do not deal with fraud and was rushed through congress just before a tough anti-spam law passed in California.[1] Specifically, 15 USC s 7707(b)(1) reads:
This chapter supersedes any statute, regulation, or rule of a State or political subdivision of a State that expressly regulates the use of electronic mail to send commercial messages, except to the extent that any such statute, regulation, or rule prohibits falsity or deception in any portion of a commercial electronic mail message or information attached thereto.
[edit] CAN-SPAM and the FTC
CAN-SPAM allows the FTC to implement a national do-not-email list similar to the FTC's popular do-not-call registry, or to report back to Congress why the creation of such a list is not currently feasible. The FTC soundly rejected this proposal, and such a list will not be implemented. The FTC concluded that the lack of authentication of email would undermine the list, and it could raise security concerns.
The legislation does not allow e-mail recipients to sue spammers or class-action lawsuits, but allows enforcement by the FTC, State Attorneys General, Internet service providers, and other federal agencies for special categories of spammers (such as banks). An individual might be able to sue as an ISP if (s)he ran a mail server, but this would likely be cost-prohibitive and would not necessarily hold up in court. Individuals can also sue using state laws about fraud, such as Virginia's which gives standing based on actual damages, in effect limiting enforcement to ISPs.
Senator John McCain is responsible for a last-minute amendment which makes businesses promoted in spam subject to FTC penalties and enforcement remedies, regardless of whether the FTC is able to identify the specific spammer who initiated the e-mail.
Representative Lofgren introduced an amendment to allow bounties for some informants. The FTC has limited these bounties to individuals with inside information. The bounties are expected to be over $100,000, but none have been awarded yet.
[edit] Reaction
Anti-spam activists greeted the new law with dismay and disappointment. It was almost immediately dubbed the "Yes, You Can Spam" Act. Internet activists who work to stop spam stated that the Act would not prevent any spam — in fact, it appeared to give Federal approval to the practice, and it was feared that spam would increase as a result of the law. The Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email (CAUCE) stated:
- "This legislation fails the most fundamental test of any anti-spam law, in that it neglects to actually tell any marketers not to spam. Instead, it gives each marketer in the United States one free shot at each consumer's e-mail inbox, and will force companies to continue to deploy costly and disruptive anti-spam technologies to block advertising messages from reaching their employees on company time and using company resources. It also fails to learn from the experiences of the states and other countries that have tried "opt-out" legal frameworks, where marketers must be asked to stop, to no avail.[2]"
AOL Executive Vice President and General Counsel Randall Boe stated:
- "[CAN-SPAM] not only empowered us to help can the spam, but also to can the spammers as well . . . Our actions today clearly demonstrate that CAN-SPAM is alive and kicking — and we're using it to give hardcore, outlaw spammers the boot.
[edit] Enforcement
Within a few months, hundreds of lawsuits had been filed by an alliance of ISPs. Many of these efforts resulted in settlements; most are still pending. Though most defendants were "John Does," many spam operations, such as Scott Richter's, were known.
On April 29, 2004, the United States Government brought the first criminal and civil charges under the CAN-SPAM act. Criminal charges were filed by the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan, and the FTC filed a civil enforcement action in the Northern District of Illinois. The defendants were a company named "Phoenix Avatar," and four associated individuals: Daniel J. Lin, James J. Lin, Mark M. Sadek and Christopher Chung of West Bloomfield, Michigan. Defendants were charged with sending hundreds of thousands of spam emails advertising a "diet patch" and "hormone products." The FTC stated that these products were effectively worthless. Authorities said they face up to five years in prison under the anti-spam law and up to 20 years in prison under U.S. mail fraud statutes.
On February 1, 2005, a New York Times article suggested that the Can Spam Act had resulted in little to no effect on the flow of spam, and the amount of spam saturating the Internet had actually increased since the law went into effect.
On 2006-01-16, an Azusa, California man was convicted by a jury in United States District Court in Los Angeles in United States v. Goodin, U.S. District Court, Central District of California, 06-110, under the CAN-SPAM Act (the first conviction under the Act)[3]
As of late 2006, CAN-SPAM has been all but ignored by spammers. A review of spam levels in October of 2006 estimated that 75% of all email messages were spam, and the number of spam emails complying with the requirements of the law were estimated to be 0.27% of all spam emails. [1]
[edit] Problems for Mailers
Cited problems with the act for mailers include that many blacklists, such as spamhaus, will blacklist servers sending CAN-SPAM compliant servers. Also, subject lines including "Sexually-Explicit" have trouble passing through statistical filters maintained by most popular e-mail companies.
[edit] See also
General categories
Related acts
- Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005 (Pub.L. 109-21)
- Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003 (Pub.L. 108-10)
- Communications Act of 1934 (Pub.L. 73-416)
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.cybertelecom.org/spam/canspam.htm
- ^ Statement on CAN SPAM, accessed August 13 2006
- ^ Edvard Pettersson. "California Man Guilty of Defrauding AOL Subscribers, U.S. Says", Bloomberg.com, 2006-01-16. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- Lee, Younghwa (June 2005). "The CAN-SPAM Act: A Silver Bullet Solution?". Communications of the ACM, p. 131–132.
