Cambridge Camden Society
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The Cambridge Camden Society, known also as the "Ecclesiological Society", was a learned architectural society founded in 1839 by undergraduates at Cambridge University to promote "the study of Gothic Architecture, and of Ecclesiastical Antiques." Its activities would come to include publishing a monthly journal, The Ecclesiologist, advising church builders on their blueprints, and advocating a return to a medieval style of church architecture in England. At its peak influence in the 1840s, the Society counted over 700 members in its ranks, including bishops of the Church of England, deans at Cambridge University, and Members of Parliament. The Society and its publications enjoyed wide influence over the design of English churches throughout the 19th century.
During its twenty-year span, the Cambridge Camden Society and its Ecclesiologist influenced virtually every aspect of the Anglican Church and almost single-handedly reinvented the architectural design of the parish church. The group was responsible for launching some of the first earnest investigations of medieval church design and through its publications invented and shaped the "science" of ecclesiology. Throughout its lifetime, all of the Society’s actions had one goal: to return the Church and churches of England to the religious splendor it saw in the Middle Ages. The Cambridge Camden Society held tremendous influence in the architectural and ecclesiastical worlds because of the success of this argument: that the corruption and ugliness of the 19th century could be escaped by the earnest attempt to recapture the piety and beauty of the Middle Ages.
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[edit] Sources and Inspiration
The society’s “ecclesiology” was an idea about both architecture and worship, inspired by the associationism of the Gothic revival and reform movements within the Anglican Church. Beginning as far back as Horace Walpole’s Strawberry Hill, Gothic architecture was used to associate a building with certain attractive aspects of the Middle Ages. For the early revivalists, this attractiveness was the picturesque quality of the architecture. However, the Middle Ages had always had a strong association with religious piety. The Anglican Church of the early 19th century was a languishing body, filled with corruption among the clergy and a lack of respect among the parishioners. When, in 1833 John Henry Newman began the Oxford Movement, or Tractarianism, a renewal of theology, ecclesiology, sacraments, and liturgical practices within the Anglican Church, all of the pieces were in place for the inception of the Cambridge Camden Society. Its founders, John Mason Neale, Alexander Hope, and Benjamin Webb, formed the society with the belief that by using Church reform in conjunction with piety of Gothic architecture, England could recapture the religious perfection of the Middle Ages. Their idealism is clear in one of the society’s early letters: “We know that [medieval] Catholick ethics gave rise to Catholick architecture; may we not hope that, by a kind of reversed process, association with Catholick architecture will give rise to Catholick ethics?”¹ The Ecclesiologists earnestly believed that Medieval men were “more spiritually-minded and less worldly-minded”¹ than were those of the modern world and that it was their duty to help return England to its former piety.
[edit] The Society's Beginnings
The Camden society began in May 1839 as club for Cambridge undergraduates who shared a common interest in Gothic church design. Its first activities were the collection of information about churches all across the island. The amount of knowledge obtained from travelers’ visits to and careful measurements of long-forgotten parish churches was immense and led to the publication of A Few Hints on the Practical Study of Ecclesiological Antiquities. This handbook contained “A Blank form for the Description of a Church”, which was a checklist of medieval architectural elements one could use to examine a church. This checklist was not only a useful tool for the investigator, but served as a database of knowledge for the society, and was constantly updated with more detailed information sent from country churches. Thus the Camden Society amassed an enormous amount of information about medieval parish churches and came to be seen as an authority on religious architecture. Nor was this attribution misplaced. The society’s vigor in examining and defining every detail of the medieval church was enormous, so much so that its Ecclesiologist published both heated debates about the usage of small slits dubbed “lychnoscopes” that were observed in some churches as well as an invention called an “Orientator” that allowed one to determine whether or not a church faced exactly East. The motive for these extraordinarily scrutinizing investigations was the society’s unshakeable belief that man could regain the piety of the Middle Ages by carefully reconstructing them.
[edit] The Ecclesiologist
The popularity of the Camden Society’s handbook soon led some well-meaning country church-wardens to seek advice on how to restore their dilapidated buildings. These solicitations were enthusiastically answered and the Camden society’s mission changed from mere antiquarianism to architectural consultation. The society’s advice soon found a forum in the Ecclesiologist, the Cambridge Camden Society’s newsletter, the first issue of which was published in October, 1841. The publication began first as “a periodical report of the society, primarily addressed to, and intended for the use of, the members of that body”.¹ Because of the authority the society wielded in architectural matters, however, the periodical soon published architectural criticism. The editors had extremely particular criteria for a “correct” church building. It must be of the “middle pointed” or “Decorated” style which existed between 1260 and 1360. On this point (and many others) the Ecclesiologists were absolutely unwilling to compromise. They firmly believed that this hundred year span was the most pious architecture and that “during the so-called Norman era, the Catholick Church was forming her architectural language: in the Tudor period, she was unlearning it.”² The newsletter reviewed over one thousand churches in its twenty year span and never hesitated to lambaste both a building and its architect for anything inconsistent with its view of the “middle pointed”.
As often as not, the Society’s verdict on an architect’s work was determined as much by his personal life as his building design. Although Pugin was by any standard a pioneer of the Gothic revival and had aesthetic tastes very close to those of the Camden Society, he was unequivocally condemned for his Roman Catholicism. Likewise, the publication says of one Mr. Rickman, a Quaker, “many have really felt it a stumbling block that a person of Mr. Rickman’s religious persuasion should be regarded as a benefactor to Christian Art” and “he did very little…and his churches are monuments of extreme ecclesiological ignorance.”¹ Although many architects drew the ire of the Ecclesiologist, the editors did not hesitate to lavish praise on those select few whom they deemed worthy. Henry C. Carpenter’s Church of St. Paul’s, Bristol was widely praised for its correctness, as was S. W. Dawkes’ Church of St. Andrew’s, Wells Street, London. The Society’s favorite, however, was undoubtedly William Butterfield. The architect was a man of tremendous religious conviction who refused to build for Roman Catholics. Despite his frequent infringements of the rules set out by the Ecclesiologist, Butterfield retained a special status with the Society which culminated in its high praise of All Saints, Margaret Street. Despite numerous violations such as his use of brick, expressly forbad by the Ecclesiologist, the Society went so far as to bankroll Butterfield’s church. Although the Camden Society claimed to be solely concerned with architecture, its criticism and praise of designers was often based as much on their personal convictions as it was on Gothic correctness.
The Ecclesiologist was also the vehicle by which the Camden Society launched its two most important campaigns, the abolition of pews and the reintroduction of chancels to churches. The society received much sympathy in its call to rid churches of purchased pews, perhaps in part due to its fiery rhetoric: “What is the history of pues, but the history of the intrusion of human pride, selfishness, and indolence, into the worship of God?”¹ At first, the society had a hard time convincing builders to incorporate chancel areas because, since Anglican clergy were no longer separated from the congregation by an altar, there was no real purpose for the expensive addition. The problem was solved, however, when Walter Hook and John Jebb, clergymen at Leeds and Hereford, respectively, proposed that chancels be used for lay choirs. Soon almost all old churches were dismantling their pews and new ones were being built with chancels. Both issues were major successes and seen as significant steps in the Camden Society’s quest to “medievalize” the English Church.
[edit] Piety and Theology
Members of the society also published books such as the Hierugia Anglicana, which sought to prove that medieval Catholic ritual had lived on in the Anglican Church past the reformation and was therefore a proper way to offer worship. Another important work was The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments, also known by the name of the medieval author who inspired it, Durandus. In this book, Neale and Webb sought to prove that absolutely every architectural element of the medieval church building was religiously symbolic and represented Christian piety and thought well above that of the 19th century. The work also proclaimed that church architects must “take a religious view of their profession” and that “we do protest against the merely business-like spirit of the modern profession, and demand from them a more elevated and directly religious habit of mind.”¹ Although nominally scholarly, these persuasive works were quite obviously intended to further the society’s own philosophical and theological viewpoints.
The theological doctrines espoused by the Camden Society were never gentle and the society had many critics, both religious and architectural. Members of the Anglican Church detested the “popish” and “romanizing” tendencies they saw in the Ecclesiologist’s judgments while Catholics such as Pugin resented the idea that the Roman Church had lost its piety and vigor. Because the Society’s doctrines were so closely related to the Oxford movement, it also drew heavy criticism from the anti-Tractarianists. The Camden Society had a clever smokescreen to avoid addressing such attacks, however. Its bylaws forbad theological debate, insisting that the Society was solely architectural in its mission. Thus although its leaders out forth a definite theological position, they could never be charged with direct meddling in Church matters. This defense worked most of the time, but it did not lessen the hatred many had for the Society’s disguised theological agenda. Likewise, many architects despised the Society for its intolerance of creative freedom. Self-righteous outbursts like the Ecclesiologist’s assertion that “it is no sign of weakness to be content to copy acknowledged perfection: it is rather a sign of presumption to expect to rival it in any other way” did little to win over its architectural enemies. Despite this, the Camden Society and its Ecclesiologists never really lost a battle with its critics, aside from its forced removal from Cambridge to London in 1845 after an attack by anti-tractarianists. The society had so successfully won over the architectural community that when it disbanded in 1868, most felt that it had done everything it had set out to accomplish.
[edit] Results
In the end the Camden Society’s accomplishments were so pervasive that they have often been taken for granted. Historian James F. White states that “even buildings built in contemporary styles, with few exceptions, use the liturgical arrangement developed over a century ago by the Cambridge Camden Society. Here, many have felt, is the ‘correct’ way of building churches, and thousands of parishes all over have adapted their worship to fit this variety of building.” Pews bought by money have vanished entirely thanks to the Society’s campaign and Chancels have been a normal feature in Neo-Medieval churches since the 1860’s. Although the Society did not win the Anglican Church over so wholly with its arguments promoting medieval ritual, it did help to draw attention to injustices committed in the Church and initiated much-needed reform. Even the music of the Church was affected by the Camden Society. Under the auspices of the society, Neale published the Hymnal Noted, a collection of more than one hundred hymns, among which was John Neale’s “O come, O come, Emmanuel,” which he translated from 12th century Latin.
Although a society of undergraduate students could hardly be expected to change the very nature of church building and worship across the world, the Cambridge Camden Society came very near to doing so. Incubated in Architectural Associationism, Romantic notions of the Middle Ages, and the Oxford reform movement, the Society sought to return England to its medieval past, and in its quest helped to rediscover the beauty of Gothic architecture and to rejuvenate the Anglican Church.
[edit] Publications of the Society
- The Ecclesiologist (1841-1869)
- A Few Words to Churchwardens on Churches and Church Ornamentation (1842)
- A Few Words to Church-Builders
- Twenty-three Reasons for Getting Rid of Church Pues
[edit] References
¹White, James F. The Cambridge Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.
²Fonantey, Pierre. Le Renoveau Gothique en Angleterre. Bordeaux, France. University of Bordeaux Press.
