Callanish stone circle

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The stone circle at the centre of the Standing Stones of Callanish ("Callanish I")

A distant view of the circle, stone rows and part of the northern avenue

The Callanish Stones (or "Callanish I"), Clachan Chalanais or Tursachan Chalanais in Gaelic, are situated near the village of Callanish (Gaelic: Calanais) on the west coast of the isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland (58.197° N 6.734° W).

Dating from around 2000 BC, the 13 primary stones form a circle about 13 m in diameter, with a long approach avenue of stones to the north, and shorter stone rows to the east, south, and west (possibly incomplete avenues). The overall layout of the monument recalls a distorted Celtic cross. The individual stones vary from around 1 m to 5 m in height, with an average of 4 m, and are of the local Lewisian gneiss.

The first written reference to the stones was by Lewis native John Morisone, who in c. 1680 wrote that "great stones standing up in ranks [...] were sett up in place for devotione".

The tallest of the stones marks the entrance to a burial cairn where human remains have been discovered. An excavation campaign in 1980 and 1981 showed that the burial chamber was a late addition to the site, and that it had been modified a number of times. Pottery finds suggested a date of 2200 BC for the erection of the circle. It has been speculated, among other theories, that the stones form a calendar system based on the position of the moon. Professor Alexander Thom suggested that the alignment of the stone avenue (when looking southward) pointed to the setting of midsummer full moon behind a distant hill called Clisham. Critics of these theories argue that several alignments are likely to exist purely by chance in any such structure, and that many factors such as the weathering and displacement of the stones over the millennia mean we can never be certain of any original, possibly intentional, alignments.

[edit] The stones in folklore

Local tradition says that giants who lived on the island refused to be converted to Christianity by Saint Kieran, who turned them to stone as a punishment. Another local belief says that at sunrise on midsummer morning, the "shining one" walked along the stone avenue, "his arrival heralded by the cuckoo's call." This legend could be a folk memory recalling the astronomical significance of the stones.

[edit] Other nearby sites

Archaeologists usually refer to the main monument as "Callanish I", because there are several other megalithic sites in the vicinity:

"Cnoc Ceann a' Ghàraidh" (Callanish II) – stone circle
"Cnoc Filibhir Bheag" (Callanish III) – stone circle
"Ceann Hulavig" (Callanish IV) – stone circle
"Àirigh nam Bidearan" (Callanish V) – stone alignment
"Cùl a' Chleit" (Callanish VI) – stone circle
"Cnoc Dubh" (Callanish VII) – ancient settlement or "shieling" (stone dwelling used while tending cattle on summer pastures)
"Tursachan" (Callanish VIII) – unique semicircular monument at the edge of a sheer cliff on the nearby island of Great Bernera
"Aird A'Chaolais" (Callanish VIIIa) - standing stone
"Airigh Nam Bidearan" (Callanish IX))- stones
"Na Dromannan" ("Druim Nan Eun") (Callanish X) – Excavations in August 2003 revealed a collapsed 15-stone circle (with a smaller inner setting of 5 stones), on the nearby hilltop, overlooking Callanish, where the stones for the other monuments may also have been quarried
"Beinn Bheag" (Callanish XI) - standing stone; stones; cairns
"Stonefield" (Callanish XII) - standing stone
"Sgeir Nan Each" (Callanish XIII) - stone setting
"Cnoc Sgeir Na H-Uidhe" (Callanish XIV W) - stone setting
"Cnoc Sgeir Na H-Uidhe" (Callanish XIV e) - stones
"Airigh Mhaoldonuich" (Callanish XV) - standing stone
"Cliacabhadh" (Callanish XVI) - standing stone; stones
"Druim Na H-Aon Choich" (Callanish XVII) - standing stone (possible)
"Loch Crogach" (Callanish XVIII) - standing stone (possible)
"Buaile Chruaidh" (Callanish XIX) - standing stone (possible)
There are many other sites nearby; not all are now visible. There was, for instance, a timber circle 0.5 km south at Loch Roag.