C. V. Raman
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Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman |
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Born | 7 November 1888 Tiruchirapalli, India |
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Died | 21 November 1970 |
Residence | India |
Nationality | Indian |
Field | Physics |
Institution | Indian Finance Department Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Indian Institute of Science |
Alma mater | Presidency College |
Academic advisor | None |
Notable students | G. N. Ramachandran |
Known for | Raman effect |
Notable prizes | Nobel Prize in Physics Bharat Ratna Lenin Peace Prize |
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect, which is named after him.
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[edit] Biography
[edit] Early years
Raman was born in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu to a Tamil Brahmin family. At an early age, Raman moved to the city of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
[edit] Middle years
He completed his BA and MA in Physics and English from the Presidency College, Madras . He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he gained his M.A. degree, obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian Finance Department as an Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta . Soon afterwards, Raman started doing experiments at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). This is where Raman did his Nobel Prize winning work.
In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued doing research at the IACS, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929.
Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect. Raman spectroscopy is based on this phenomenon. An interesting anecdote goes that he booked his tickets to Stockholm several months before the Nobel prizes were announced.
Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. This does a better job in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtz's approach. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam.
In 1934, Raman became the director of the newly established Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India.
He also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established 4 factories in Southern India. [1]
He was knighted in 1929 and awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954. Raman was also awarded the Lenin Peace Prize (1957).
CV Raman is the uncle of Nobel laureate and Physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
India celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in 1928.
[edit] Later years
He retired from the Indian Institute in 1948 and a year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Karnataka, serving as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in Bangalore, Karnataka, at the age of 82.
[edit] Works
[edit] Quotes
When he was offered a toast during the Nobel function: Being a strict teetotaller he responded,
Sir, you have seen the Raman effect on glass; please do not try to see the effect of glass on Raman.
[edit] Books
For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Ed. S Ramaseshan, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore 1988.
- Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. S Ramaseshan)
- Vol. 2 - Acoustic
- Vol. 3 - Optica
- Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond
- Vol. 5 - Physics of Crystals
- Vol. 6 - Floral Colours and Visual Perception
[edit] Bibliography
1909
- "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String", Nature, 1909
- "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type", Nature, 1909
- "The Ectara", J. Indian Math. Club, 1909
1910
- "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations", Nature, 1910
- "Oscillations of the Stretched Strings", J. Indian Math. Club, 1910
1911
- "Photographs of Vibrational Curves", Philos. Mag., 1911
- "Remarks on a Paper by J.S. Stokes on 'Some Curious Phenomena Observed in Connection with Melde's Experiment'", Physics Rev., 1911
- "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String", Phys. Rev., 1911
1912
- "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type", Philos. Mag, 1912
- "Some Remarkable Cases of Resonance", Phys. Rev. 1912
- "Experimental Investigations on the Maintenance of Vibrations", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1912
1913
- "Some Acoustical Observations", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1913
1914
- "The Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914
- "The Maintenance of Vibrations", Phys. Rev. 1914
- "Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1914
- "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914
1915
- "On the Maintenance of Combinational Vibrations by Two Simple Harmonic forces", Phys. Rev., 1915
- "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force", Philos. Mag, 1915
1916
- "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 1", Philos. Mag, 1916 (with S Appaswamair)
- "On the 'Wolf-Note' of the Violin and Cello", Nature (London). 1916
- "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag., 1916
1917
- "The Maintenance of Vibrations in a Periodic Field of Force", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A. Dey)
- "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 2", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
- "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 3", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
- "On the Alterations of Tone Produced by a Violin 'Mute'", Nature (London) 1917
1918
- "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag., 1918
- "On the Wolf-Note in Pizzicato Playing", Nature (London), 1918
- "On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of Results - Part 1", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918
- "The Theory of the Cyclical Vibrations of a Bowed String", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918
1919
- "An Experimental Method for the Production of Vibrations", Phys. Rev., 1919
- "A New Method for the Absolute Determination of Frequency", Proc. R. Soc. London, 1919
- "On the Partial Tones of Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag, 1919
- "The Kinematics of Bowed Strings", J. Dept of Sci., Univ. Calcutta, 1919
1920
- "On the Sound of Splashes", Philos. Mag, 1920
- "On a Mechanical Violin-Player for Acoustical Experiments, Philos. Mag., 1920
- "Experiments with Mechanically-Played Violins", Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1920
- "On Kaufmann's Theory of the Impact of the Pianoforte Hammer", proc. S. Soc. London, 1920 (with B Banerji)
- "Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones", Nature (London), 1920 (with S. Kumar)
1921
- "Whispering Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral", Nature (London) 1921 (with G.A. Sutherland)
- "The Nature of Vowel Sounds", Nature (London) 1921
- "On the Whispering Gallery Phenomenon", Proc. R. Soc. London, 1922 (with G.A. Sutherland)
- "On Some Indian Stringed Instruments", Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1921
1922
- "On Whispering Galleries", Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1922
- "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1922
- "The Acoustical Knowledge of the Ancient Hindus", Asutosh Mookerjee Silver Jubilee - Vol 2,
1926
- "The Subjective Analysis of Musical Tones", Nature (London), 1926
1927
- "Musical Instruments and Their Tones"
1928
- "A new type of Secondary Radiation", Nature, 1928
- "A new radiation", Indian Journal of Physics, 1928
1935
- "The Indian Musical Drums", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part I", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part II", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "Nature of Thermal Agitation in Liquids", Nature (London), 1935 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)
1936
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part III: Doppler Effect and Coherence Phenomena", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part IV: Generalised Theory", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part V: General Considerations - Oblique Incidence and Amplitude Changes", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves", Nature (London), 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
1937
- "Acoustic Spectrum of Liquids", Nature (London), 1937 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)
1938
- "Light Scattering and Fluid Viscosity", Nature (London), 1938 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)
1948
- Aspects of Science, 1948
1951
- The New Physics: Talks on Aspects of Science, 1951
1959
- Lectures on Physical Optics, 1959
[edit] See also
- Raman laser
- Raman scattering
- Raman spectroscopy
- Raman amplification
- Resonance Raman spectroscopy
- Raman Research Institute
- Raman optical activity
- Raman (crater)
[edit] External links
- The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 (Nobel Committee)
- Britannica on Raman
- Nobel prize internet archive
- Nobel Lecture
Persondata | |
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NAME | Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
SHORT DESCRIPTION | Physicist |
DATE OF BIRTH | 7 November 1888 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | Tiruchirapalli, India |
DATE OF DEATH | 21 November 1970 |
PLACE OF DEATH |