Burmese Chinese
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The Burmese Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 緬甸華人; pinyin: Miǎndiàn huárén; Minnan Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Biān-tián-hôa-lâng; Burmese: 
; IPA: [təyoʊʔ lù myó]) are a group of overseas Chinese born or raised in Myanmar (formerly Burma). Although the Chinese officially make up three percent of the population (1,078,000), this figure may be underestimated because of intermarriage between them and the ethnic Bamar,[1] and because of widespread discrimination against minorities (which compels many to declare themselves as Bamar when applying for birth certificate or national identification card). Traditionally, the Chinese have dominated the Burmese economy, although many enterprises today are co-owned by the military. Most physicians and scientists in Burma are Chinese.[citation needed]
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[edit] Sub-ethnic groups
Generally, the Burmese Chinese in Lower Burma are divided into three main groups. The first consists of Cantonese-speakers (Burmese: eingyi to, lit. short-sleeved shirts) who arrived from Guangdong Province. The largest group consists of Hokkien-speakers (Burmese: eingyi shay, lit. long-sleeved shirts), who came from Fujian Province. The third consists of Hakka-speakers (Burmese: zaka, lit. mid-length sleeve ). The Hokkien and Cantonese comprise 45% of the ethnic Chinese population.[2] Hakkas are further subdivided into those with ancestry from Fujian Province and Guangdong Province, with each called ein-gyi shay ha-ka and eingyi to haka respectively. The groups have different stereotypical associations. The Cantonese are commonly thought of as the poorest of the Chinese, the Hokkiens are stereotypically wealthier, occupying high positions in the economy, and having connections to the government. The tayoke kabya are of Bamar and Chinese heritage. Tayoke kabya are children of Chinese fathers and Bamar (Burman) mothers. They have a tendency to follow the customs of the Chinese more than of the Burmese. A large portion of Burmese Chinese have some kabya blood because Burmese citizenship can only be acquired by immigrants through intermarriage with persons of Bamar descent.
There are Chinese groups distinct from the Hokkien or Cantonese-speaking Chinese of Lower Myanmar. These are the Panthay and Kokang of Upper Burma, mainly speakers of a Mandarin dialect of the Southwestern Mandarin branch, most akin to Yunnanese. The mountain-dwelling, farming Kokang are classified as a part of the Shan national race, although they have no linguistic or genetic affinity to the Tai-Kadai-speaking Shan, and the largely trading Muslim Panthay are long considered separate local nationalities rather than a Chinese diaspora community. Combined, they form 21% of Burmese Chinese.[2]
[edit] Language
The Burmese Chinese typically speak Burmese as their mother tongue. Hokkien is mostly used in Yangon as well as in all the lower Myanmar among Burmese Chinese, while Taishan Cantonese and Yunnanese Mandarin have been well-preserved in Mandalay and upper Burma. For three decades, Ne Win's ban on Chinese-language schools caused declining numbers of Mandarin speakers. The Panthay and Kokang typically speak Mandarin Chinese as a first language. Chinese schools are growing in number today, because of the importance of Mandarin Chinese (note: often Standard Mandarin, the national language of Mainland China and Taiwan, as distinctive from the Southwestern Mandarin dialect of the Upper Burma, Kokang and Panthay). Many Burmese Chinese, of higher education and status, speaks Mandarin and English, as these languages are considered to be languages of the elite.
[edit] History
The earliest records of Chinese migration were in the Song and Ming dynasties.[2] In the 1700s, Ming Dynasty princes settled in Kokang (the northern part of present-day Myanmar). Chinese traders, however, would typically travel as far as the capital city as well as northern towns on the Irrawaddy such as Bhamo. Some of them stayed and started a Chinese community at Amarapura, and when King Mindon Min moved his capital to Mandalay in 1859, the Chinese were the only community that decided to stay behind. Their descendants, many intermarried into the host society, remain important and respected citizens of Amarapura. Another wave of immigration occurred in the 1800s under the British colonial administration. Britain encouraged immigration of Indians and Chinese to its colonial possessions, and such incentives with opportunities for work and enterprise and for accumulating wealth attracted many Chinese. They came to Burma via Malaysia.[2] The Chinese quickly became dominant in the highly lucrative rice and gem industries. Many became merchants and traders owning both wholesale and retail businesses. Their success was reflected in the popular Burmese expression, "Earn like the Chinese, save like the Indian, and don't waste money like the Bamar". They integrated well into Burmese society not least because they, like the Bamar, were of Sino-Tibetan stock and were Buddhists, implicit in the nickname pauk hpaw (lit. sibling)[3]. The Chinese are arguably the only other race the Bamar historically have a high regard for, not just for their ancient and uninterrupted civilisation but for their skills and intellect as well.
During the 1950s, Myanmar was one of the first countries to recognize the People's Republic of China as a nation. However, its own Chinese population was treated as aliens. The Burmese Chinese were issued foreign registration cards (FRC), which declared that they were citizens of China. A similar discrimination policy was set up for Indians. When the Chinese Communists expelled the Kuomintang, many fled to Myanmar and Thailand over the borders of Yunnan Province. The Burmese government fought and removed the armed KMT and forced them to Taiwan [4]; those who managed to stay prospered.
In 1962, Ne Win led a coup d'état and declared himself head of state. Although a kabya himself, he banned Chinese-language education, and created other measures to compel the Chinese to leave. Ne Win's government stoked up racial animosity and ethnic conflicts against the Chinese, who were terrorized by Burmese citizens, the most violent riots taking place at the time of the Cultural Revolution in China.[4] When Ne Win implemented the "Burmese Way to Socialism", a plan to nationalize all industries, the livelihoods of many entrepreneurial Chinese were destroyed and some 100,000 Chinese left the country.[4] All schools were nationalized, including Chinese-language schools. Beginning in 1967 and continuing throughout the 1970s, anti-Chinese riots continued to flare up and many believed they were covertly supported by the government.[5] Many Burmese Chinese left the country during Ne Win's rule, largely because of a failing economy and widespread discrimination.
Chinatown riots
The first government-sponsored racial riots to take place in Myanmar was in 1967, during General Ne Win’s rule. In that Chinatown riots, the general populace went on a killing-spree because of sedition and instigation against Chinese by the various government departments. The massacre lasted for about five consecutive days, during which period; thousands of Chinese died or were left dying in the streets of Rangoon. Some of the Chinese were thrown down alive from the second and third floors of buildings in downtown Rangoon. The dead and wounded Chinese were hauled up unceremoniously and dumped onto army trucks and taken to 'htauk kyan' incinerators and the ‘carcasses’ were sent up to heaven in smoke. That showed the true bestial and cruel side of the character of the ruling Myanmar Military Junta. The only “crime” those Chinese committed was the wearing of Chairman Mao’s badges on their shirts. [6] [7] [8]
Latha Secondary School was torched by the thugs of General Ne Win's government, where school girls were burnt alive. Chinese shops were looted and set on fire. Actually, Ne Win was trying to divert the attention of the people from the uncontrollable inflation, scarcity of consumer items and rising prices of rice.
Today, the majority of Burmese Chinese live in the major cities of Yangon, Mandalay, Taunggyi, Bago, and their surrounding areas. According to Global Witness, 30 to 40% of Mandalay's population consists of ethnic Chinese. Although there are Chinatowns (tayoke tan) in the major cities, the Chinese are widely dispersed. The northern region of Myanmar has seen an influx of mainland Chinese immigrant workers, black market traders and gamblers. In the Kachin State, which borders China in three directions, Mandarin Chinese is the lingua franca.
[edit] Education
Typically, the Burmese Chinese have placed a high importance on education. However, the lack of Burmese citizenship has prevented many Burmese Chinese from pursuing Ph.D.s and medical degrees. During the Ne Win era, persecution of minorities caused an exodus of the highly educated workforce. Those immigrating from Burma who held tertiary degrees were forced to pay a tax prior to leaving. Many Chinese left for the United States, Great Britain, and other western countries. This has caused dire problems for the Burmese economy as the current workforce is less well-educated not least due to the failing education system. Many Burmese Chinese study overseas, particularly in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.[9]
[edit] Culture
[edit] Religion
The majority of Burmese Chinese practise Theravada Buddhism, incorporating some Mahayana Buddhist and Taoist beliefs, such as the worship of Kuan Yin. Chinese New Year celebrations, as well as other Chinese festivals, are subdued and held privately. Clan associations are often the only places where the Chinese culture is embraced. There is a small minority of Panthay or Chinese Muslims (回教華人; ပန္းသေးလူမ္ယုိး, lit. "little flowers"), most of whom live in Mandalay.
[edit] Naming
According to publications of Longsei Tang, a clan association based in Yangon, the ten most common Chinese surnames in Yangon are:
Burmese Chinese traditionally have Chinese names and Burmese names. Given names in various Chinese dialects are often transliterated into the Burmese language, using rough equivalents. For example, a Burmese Chinese person named 'Khin Aung' may have the Chinese name of 慶豐 (pinyin: Qìngfēng), with '慶' (pinyin: qìng) corresponding to 'Khin', and '豐' (pinyin: fēng) corresponding to 'Aung'. However, variations of transcription do exist (between dialects), and some Burmese Chinese do not choose to adopt similar-sounding Burmese and Chinese names. Because the Burmese lack surnames, many Burmese Chinese tend to pass on portions of their given names to future generations, for the purpose of denoting lineage.
[edit] Notable Burmese Chinese
- Aung Gyi [4] - leading army dissident and Ne Win's former deputy/co-conspirator in the 1962 coup
- Aw Boon Haw (Hakka) - Inventor of Tiger Balm
- Eike Htun[10] (Kokang) - Managing director of Olympic Construction Co. and deputy chairman of Asia Wealth Bank, two large conglomerates in Myanmar
- Khun Sa (Kokang) - Major Southeast Asian druglord
- Khin Nyunt[11] - Former Prime Minister (2003-2004) and Chief of Intelligence (1983-2004) of Myanmar
- Lo Hsing Han (Kokang) - Major Southeast Asian druglord
- Steven Law (also known as Tun Myint Naing; Kokang) - Managing director of Asia World Company, a major Burmese conglomerate and son of Lo Hsing Han
- Ne Win (Hakka)[12] - Leader of Burma from 1960s to 1980s
- San Yu (Hakka) - President of Burma in the 1980s
- Serge Pun[13] - Proprietor of Yoma Bank, a major banking chain in Myanmar and chairman of First Myanmar Investment Co. Ltd (FMI), one of Myanmar's leading investment companies[14]
- Taw Sein Ko (Hokkien)[15] - eminent Director of Archaeology (1901-1915)
- Thakin Ba Thein Tin[4] - Communist leader from the 1970s to the 1990s
- Maung Aye - Vice chairman of SPDC and Chief of Staff of Armed Forces
- Major General Kat Sein - former Minister of Health
- Dr. Kyaw Myint - (Minister of Health)
- Myo Thant - Former Minister of Information under SLORC
- Colonel Tan Yu Sai - Minister of Trade under Ne Win's government
- Colonel Kyi Maung- NLD member(1989-2004) and Army Commander of Rangoon in 1960s
- U Thaung - Minister of Labour & Technical Science, Retired Legion and Ambassador
- Lun Thi - Minister of Energy
- Thein Sein - First Secretary of SPDC
[edit] Notes
- ^ Hooker, Michael Barry (2002). Law and the Chinese in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-125-9.
- ^ a b c d Mya Than (1997). in Leo Suryadinata: Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians. ISBN 0-312-17576-0.
- ^ Aung, Pho Thar. "Tango with China", The Irrawaddy, 2003-09-16. Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e Martin Smith (1991). Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London,New Jersey: Zed Books, 153-154,225-226,98,39.
- ^ Steinberg, David L. (2002). Burma: The State of Myanmar. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-893-2.
- ^ Various Goernment Newspapers in Burma.
- ^ Asia Week, Far Eastern Economic Review.
- ^ Bertil Litner Bangkok Post Thailand
- ^ Win, Htet. "The Road To Riches?", The Irrawaddy, 2004-07. Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
- ^ Backman, Michael. "Burma's banking meltdown goes unnoticed beyond its borders", The Age, 2003-03-30. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
- ^ Kuppuswamy, C.S. (2004-09-11). MYANMAR: The shake- up and the fall out.. South Asia Analysis Group. Retrieved on May 22, 2007.
- ^ Leong, S.T. (1997). Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History. Stanford University Press.
- ^ Backman, Michael. "Burma's banking meltdown goes unnoticed beyond its borders", The Age, The Age, 2003-03-30. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
- ^ Zaw Htet. "FMI profits beat the business blues", The Myanmar Times, 2006-11-13. Retrieved on November 26, 2006.
- ^ Strachan, Paul (1989). Pagan - Art and Architecture of Old Burma. Kiscadale.
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